Notes in 07OncoDiseases

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	Normal cells have a {{c1::small::small/large}} nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio
Published	07/30/2024	Cancer activator genes are known as {{c1::cyclins}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal cells have {{c1::23::N}} pairs of chromosomes
Published	07/30/2024	Normal cells are {{c1::contact inhibited}} (does not undergo mitosis once in contact with cell surface)
Published	07/30/2024	Most undifferentiated and disordered cancer cells are also called {{c1::anaplastic}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Activator gene speed 2. Suppressor gene function{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	3 Steps of Carcinogenesis1. {{c1::Initiation}}2. {{c1::Promotion}}3. {{c1::Progression}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Step in cancer development]Carcinogens alter genetic structure of DNA: stimulated to cause mutation{{c1::Initiation}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Step in cancer development]Repeated exposure to a carcinogen causes production of mutant cell populations that are anaplastic{{c1::Promotion}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Step in cancer development]Increased malignant behavior of cells (Invasive and metastasizes){{c1::Progression}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Step in cancer development]“Tumor Angiogenesis Factor”{{c1::Progression}}
Published	07/30/2024	Two types of genes that can be affected by mutation related to cancer: {{c1::Protooncogenes, Tumor Suppresor Genes}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Cancer Related Gene]Regulates normal cellular processes such as promoting growth{{c1::Protooncogenes}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Cancer Related Gene]Genetic locks that keep cells functioning normally{{c1::Protooncogenes}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Cancer Related Gene]Suppress growth of tumors{{c1::Tumor Suppresor Genes}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Cancer Related Gene]Function to regulate cell growth{{c1::Tumor Suppresor Genes}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Cancer Related Gene]Mutations render them inactive and result in loss of suppression of tumor growth{{c1::Tumor Suppresor Genes}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Lymphocytes::cells}} continuatlly check cell surface antigens and detect/destroy cancerous cells exhibiting {{c1::tumor-associated}} antige…
Published	07/30/2024	Immune cell that kill tumor cells directly and produces cytokines: {{c1::Cytotoxic T cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	Immune cell that lyse tumor cells: {{c1::Natural killer cells and Activated macrophages::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Immune cell that produces antibodies directed to tumor surface antigens: {{c1::B cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Metastasis]Spread to adjacent tissues{{c1::Direct Invasion}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Metastasis]Follow venous flow that drains site of primary tumor{{c1::Hematogenous}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Metastasis]Lodge in regional lymph nodes that receive drainage from tumor site{{c1::Lymphatic}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Category of Neoplasm]Involve Adeno-epithelial glands{{c1::Carcinoma}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Category of Neoplasm]Involve Connective tissues{{c1::Sarcoma}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Category of Neoplasm]Involve Lymphoid tissues{{c1::Lymphoma}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Category of Neoplasm]Involve Blood cells{{c1::Leukemia/Myeloma}}
Published	07/30/2024	Benign tumors in Adeno-epithelial glands are called {{c1::adenomas}}
Published	07/30/2024	Malignant tumors in Adeno-epithelial glands are called {{c1::adenocarcinoma}}
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::malignant::benign/malignant}} tumor is never contained in a capsule
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Mitotic figures 1. Benign 2. Malignant{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Metastasis only occurs in {{c1::malignant::b/m}} tumors
Published	07/30/2024	Recurrence only occurs in {{c1::malignant::b/m}} tumors
Published	07/30/2024	Cancer Cell Grade {{c2::1}} - {{c1::Well}} differentiated
Published	07/30/2024	Cancer Cell Grade {{c2::2}} - {{c1::Moderately}} differentiated
Published	07/30/2024	Cancer Cell Grade {{c2::3}} - {{c1::Poorly}} differentiated
Published	07/30/2024	Cancer Cell Grade {{c2::4}} - {{c1::Highly UN}} differentiated
Published	07/30/2024	Tumor Stage {{c2::0}} - {{c1::Carcinoma in situ}}
Published	07/30/2024	Tumor Stage {{c2::1 (localized)}} - {{c1::1 small invasive mass limited to the tissue of origin; localized tumor growth}}
Published	07/30/2024	Tumor Stage {{c1::3 (regional spread)}} - Extensive local spread (lymph nodes)
Published	07/30/2024	Tumor Stage {{c2::4}} - {{c1::Metastasis/Distant spread/Advanced}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cancer will manifest with a {{c1::high::low/high}} metabolic rate
Published	07/30/2024	Cancer will manifest with a {{c1::low::low/high}} defense/immune mechanisms
Published	07/30/2024	Manifestation of Cancer that we use to determine patient's response to treatment: {{c1::production of hormone-like substances}}
Published	07/30/2024	7 Warning signs of Cancer{{c1::Change in bowel or bladder habits}}{{c1::A sore that does not heal}}{{c1::Unusual bleeding or discharge}}{{c1::Thickeni…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Biopsy::Diagnostic Test}} - general and definitive for ALL suspected cancers
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Brachytherapy}} - Cancer therapy where a radioactive substance is placed in the lung until it is dissolved
Published	07/30/2024	[Identify Chemotherapeutic Category (and targeted cell cycle phase if Cell Cycle Specific)]Topoisomerase inhibitor{{c1::Cell Cycle Specific (S phase)}…
Published	07/30/2024	[Identify Chemotherapeutic Category (and targeted cell cycle phase if Cell Cycle Specific)]Antimetabolites{{c1::Cell Cycle Specific (S phase)}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Identify Chemotherapeutic Category (and targeted cell cycle phase if Cell Cycle Specific)]Mitotic spindles{{c1::Cell Cycle Specific (M phase)}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Identify Chemotherapeutic Category (and targeted cell cycle phase if Cell Cycle Specific)]Taxanes{{c1::Cell Cycle Specific (M phase)}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Identify Chemotherapeutic Category (and targeted cell cycle phase if Cell Cycle Specific)]Alkylating agents{{c1::Cell Cycle Non-Specific}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Identify Chemotherapeutic Category (and targeted cell cycle phase if Cell Cycle Specific)]Nitrosoureas{{c1::Cell Cycle Non-Specific}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Identify Chemotherapeutic Category (and targeted cell cycle phase if Cell Cycle Specific)]Antitumor antibiotics{{c1::Cell Cycle Non-Specific}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Identify Chemotherapeutic Category (and targeted cell cycle phase if Cell Cycle Specific)]Hormonal agents{{c1::Cell Cycle Non-Specific}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Chemotherapy 2. Immune System{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Chemotherapy 2. Wound Healing{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Chemotherapy 2. Renal Function{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Chemotherapy 2. Recent radiation therapy effect{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Can Chemotherapeutic drugs cross and affect the placenta?{{c1::Y::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Possible Oncological Emergency]Usually secondary to a non-cardiac malignancy{{c1::Pericardial Effusion/Tamponade}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Possible Oncological Emergency]May be caused by giving {{c2::cyclophosphamide}} as a form of chemotherapy{{c1::Hemorrhagic Cystitis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Do patients always present with the usual signs and symptoms of malignancy (e.g. weight loss, chronic cough, etc.) before oncological emergencies…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cranial CT-Scan::Diagnostic Test}} - For assessing increased intracranial pressure
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Cancer 2. Blood Sugar Level{{c1::B. Hypoglycemia may be a metabolic oncological emergency}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Cancer 2. Urine Output{{c1::B. SIADH is a possible metabolic oncological emergency}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Cancer 2. Lactic Acid{{c1::A. Lactic Acidosis is a possible metabolic oncological emergency}}
Published	07/30/2024	chemotherapeutic agent that may cause Tumor Lysis Syndrome: {{c1::Any}}
Published	07/30/2024	Can breast cancer happen in males?{{c1::Y. 1%::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	The metastasis of breast cancer is usually {{c1::lymphangitic}}
Published	07/30/2024	Accounts for 22% of breast cancer and is the only non-invasive breast cancer: {{c1::Ductal Carcinoma in situ}}
Published	07/30/2024	Accounts for 63-68% of breast cancer: {{c1::Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma}}
Published	07/30/2024	Accounts for 10-15% of breast cancer: {{c1::Infiltrating Lobular Carcinoma}}
Published	07/30/2024	Where half of all cancers form on the breast: {{c1::Upper outer quadrant (near the axillary)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Where {{c2::15}}% of all cancers form on the breast: {{c1::Upper inner quadrant}}
Published	07/30/2024	Where {{c2::18}}% of all cancers form on the breast: {{c1::Nipple-aerolear complex (Within the Nipple area)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Where {{c2::11}}% of all cancers form on the breast: {{c1::Lower outer quadrant}}
Published	07/30/2024	Where {{c2::6}}% of all cancers form on the breast: {{c1::Lower inner quadrant}}
Published	07/30/2024	Possible breast tumors are pain{{c1::less::less/ful}}, hard, irregularly shaped and {{c2::non-mobile::non-mobile/mobile}} masses
Published	07/30/2024	Cancer on the nipple will show {{c1::retraction::action}}
Published	07/30/2024	Observable changes on the nipple during late stage breast cancer:{{c1::yellow and serosanguineous with a foul odor Nipple discharge, induration, and d…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Skin edema::Sign of Breast Cancer}} - invasion and obstruction of dermal lymphatics
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Mammography::Diagnostic Test}} - Used as a screening tool usually for breasts that are pendulous or big
Published	07/30/2024	Common site of breast cancer metastasis to the bone: {{c1::Rib cage}}
Published	07/30/2024	Common site of breast cancer metastasis to non-bone organs: {{c1::lungs, brain, liver}}
Published	07/30/2024	General Treatment for Breast Cancer: {{c1::Chemotherapy, Radiation, Surgery::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	Hormonal manipulation with estrogen treatment in {{c2::postm::m/postm}}enopausal women against breast cancer: {{c1::Tamoxifen}}
Published	07/30/2024	For patients who have a family history of breast cancer, but without manifestations, we can remove the {{c1::ovary}} to minimize estrogen and progeste…
Published	07/30/2024	Tumor Stage {{c1::2}} - Limited local spread. Spread above the capsular level of the nodule or tumor
Published	07/30/2024	Almost all cervical cancers are caused by {{c1::HPV (Human papillomavirus)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Women whose mothers took the drug {{c1::diethylstilbestrol (DES)}} during pregnancy have a higher risk for cervical cancer
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Birthcontrol use 2. Cervical Cancer{{c1::A. Especially if more than 5 yaers}}
Published	07/30/2024	Clinical Manifestations of Cervical Cancer:{{c1::Foul-smelling Vaginal Discharge (pale, water, pink, brown, bloody)}}{{c1::intermenstrual, post-interc…
Published	07/30/2024	Using {{c1::>5::N}} pads a day to control mestruation is considered heavy bleeding
Published	07/30/2024	A cervix with cancer will likely be described with these 2 adjectives:1. {{c1::cauliflower}}-like appearance2. {{c1::hyperemic::blood-related}}
Published	07/30/2024	Treatment for Cervical Cancer: {{c1::Surgery (Conization, Cryosurgery, Hysterectomy for uterus infiltration) and Radiotherapy::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Radical}} Hysterectomy – ovaries, fallopian tube, and nearby lymph nodes are also removed
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::90}}% of ovarian cancers are {{c2::epithelial carcinomas}} from malignant transformation of {{c2::surface epithelial}} cells
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::10}}% of ovarian cancers are {{c2::Germ}} cell tumors
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ovarian}} cancer can metastasize directly by shedding malignant cells
Published	07/30/2024	Ovarian cancer will manifest with discomfort in the {{c1::lower abdomen, pelvic}} area
Published	07/30/2024	RLQ pain may mean ovarian pathology or {{c1::appendicitis}}
Published	07/30/2024	LLQ pain may mean ovarian pathology or {{c1::diverticulitis}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Ovarian cancer 2. Urination{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Ovarian cancer 2. Satiety{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ovarian cancer will have pleural effusion on the {{c1::right::R/L}} lung called {{c2::Meigs Syndrome}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::No "Ovarian-only" screening test exists. perform yearly bimanual pelvic examination::Diagnostic Test}} - Important ovarian-cancer-specific diagn…
Published	07/30/2024	Can you perform bimanual pelvic examination on post menopausal women?{{c1::N. atrophic ovaries::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Abdominal or vaginal ultrasound::Diagnostic Test}} - When ovarian malignancy is already suspected
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Exploratory laparotomy::Diagnostic Test}} - Done when there’s confirmation on the presence of an ovarian malignant mass to diagnose and stage di…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::OVA1::Diagnostic Test}} - Uses blood samples to test for changes related to ovarian cancer
Published	07/30/2024	Screening for high-risk women for ovarian cancer include {{c1::CA-125::cancer antigen}}, ultrasound, and yearly pelvic examination
Published	07/30/2024	Treatment for Stage 1 Ovarian Cancer: {{c1::Surgery (Total Hysterectomy, Bilateral Salpingo-oophrectomy), Chemotherapy, intraperitoneal radioisotopes:…
Published	07/30/2024	Treatment for Stage 2 Ovarian Cancer: {{c1::Extra abdo, pelvic, and intraperitoneal radiation, Tumor-reducing surgery, Systemic combination Chemothera…
Published	07/30/2024	Third most common form of cancer: {{c1::Colorectal}} Cancer
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Colorectal Cancer Prevalence 1. Women 2. Men{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most important Risk factors for Colorectal Cancer: {{c1::Colorectal polyps, Processed food or red meat (obesity)::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Area of the LI not affected by colon cancer: {{c1::All sections of the large intestine may be affected with colorectal cancer}}
Published	07/30/2024	For males, the most common site of colorectal cancer is seen in the {{c1::sigmoid}} colon and {{c1::rectum}}
Published	07/30/2024	For females, the most common site of colorectal cancer is seen in the {{c1::ascending}} colon and {{c1::rectum}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most common type of Colon Cancer is an {{c1::adenocarcinoma}}
Published	07/30/2024	MOST common sites of Colon Cancer metastasis: {{c1::LUNGS, Liver, Bones, Brain}}
Published	07/30/2024	Are manifestations of Colon Cancer are obvious and early?{{c1::N. Usually nonspecific, do NOT appear UNTIL advanced::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Identify Side of the Colon Cancer Lesion]Rectal bleeding, alternating constipation then diarrhea{{c1::Left-Sided Lesion (Distal Transverse Colon → Re…
Published	07/30/2024	[Identify Side of the Colon Cancer Lesion]Change in stool caliber{{c1::Left-Sided Lesion (Distal Transverse Colon → Rectum)}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Identify Side of the Colon Cancer Lesion]Sensation of incomplete evacuation{{c1::Left-Sided Lesion (Distal Transverse Colon → Rectum)}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Identify Side of the Colon Cancer Lesion]Usually asymptomatic or vague abdo cramping{{c1::Right-Sided Lesion (Cecum → Proximal Transverse Colon)}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Identify Side of the Colon Cancer Lesion]Colicky abdominal pain{{c1::Right-Sided Lesion (Cecum → Proximal Transverse Colon)}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Digital rectal examination::Diagnostic Test}} - Done with patients with suspected colon or prostate cancer experiencing abdominal pain or change…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Colonoscopy::Diagnostic Test}} - Done with patients with suspected colon cancer experiencing constipation, diarrhea, hematochezia
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)::Diagnostic Test}} - Tumor marker for colon cancer patient’s response to treatment
Published	07/30/2024	Treatment for higher stage colon cancer may involve a {{c1::colostomy tube/bag}} placed in the abdomen after a large colonectomy
Published	07/30/2024	Tumor Staging{{c1::Tumor::Size, penetration, invasion}}{{c1::Node::Presence, extent, nodal involvement}}{{c1::Metastasis::Spread to other sites}}
Status	Last Update	Fields