Notes in Cardiac Pathophysiology

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Published	10/12/2023	exercise physiologyIncreased {{c1::preload}} (hydration) can improve performance by increasing circulating blood volumeA decrease in {{c2::afterload}}…
Published	10/19/2023	{{c1::Preload}}: volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole *closely related to {{c8::LVEDP}}→ increased in hyper{{c3::volemia}}, {{c5::regurgit…
Published	10/12/2023	EDPVR = End-diastolic pressure volume relationship → is a measure of ventricular {{c2::compliance}} (aka. “{{c3::diastology}}”)ESPVR = End-s…
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Published	10/12/2023	{{c3::Sympathetic}} stimulation: ↑ in CO through increase ↑ {{c1::Contractility}} and ↑  {{c1::Heart Rate}}*{{c2::parasympathetic}} wil…
Published	10/22/2023	Myocardial contractility via {{c1::length}}-tension relationship- increased {{c3::filling}} → increased SV and CO*but only to an extent- Frank-Starlin…
Published	10/12/2023	Low BP (hypotension) = LOW {{c1::preload}}
Published	10/12/2023	systemic hypertension mainly affects {{c1::afterload}}
Published	10/12/2023	best measure of ventricular pre-load is {{c1::EDV}}
Published	10/12/2023	left ventricular end-{{c1::diastolic}} pressure is the best measure of ventricular preload
Published	10/12/2023	patient with volume {{c1::depletion}} (decreased {{c1::preload}}) has the following pressure-volume loop *black is baseline
Published	10/12/2023	what conditions would result in these pressure-volume loops? A: {{c1::increased contractility}}B: {{c2::mitral regurgitation}}C: {{c3::aortic ste…
Published	10/19/2023	Wall stress (WS) is defined by {{c1::LaPlace’s}} Law: WS = (Pr) / 2t- affects cardiac performance {{c2::adversely}} (like afterload)- affects MVO2 b…
Published	10/12/2023	This pressure-volume loop signifies {{c2::aortic stenosis}}→ increased {{c1::afterload}}→ decreased {{c1::stroke volume }}
Published	10/12/2023	Aortic Valve Replacement: - TAVR ({{c1::Transcatheter}} Aortic Valve Replacement) - SAVR ({{c1::Surgical}} Aortic Valve Replacement)
Published	10/12/2023	Heart Failure is associated with a reduced {{c1::Length-Tension}} Relationship compared to a Normal Heart
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Published	10/12/2023	For 44-year-old male with heart failure and severe left ventricular dysfunction, left ventricular end diastolic volume is {{c1::increased}} while CO, …
Published	10/12/2023	Measurement of cardiac function- {{c2::Swan-Ganz}} catheter: invasive, but can measure CO and pressures → cardiac index- Imaging: non-invasive, t…
Published	10/12/2023	Guyton Curves and LV Performance - Exercise - exercise → {{c1::sympathetic}} output → venous constriction → increased {{c2::preload (VR)}} → incr…
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Published	10/12/2023	Ventricular {{c3::Preload}} = Ventricular Wall Stress at the end of Diastole→ establishes {{c2::sarcomere}} length and ventricular stretch [{{c1:…
Published	10/12/2023	Ventricular {{c1::Afterload}} = Ventricular Wall Stress During Systole or Ejectionfactors that affect this:1. Systemic Vascular {{c2::Resist…
Published	10/12/2023	Ventricular {{c1::contractility}} is a measure of strength of myocytes
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Published	10/22/2023	Genetic/inherited arrythmias (add to these with PBL)WPW syndrome: {{c4::delta}} waves → risk of {{c5::A-fib}} → sudden cardiac arr…
Published	10/22/2023	{{c1::vagal maneuvers}} are first step treatmetn for AVRT ({{c2::atrioventricular reciprocating/reentrant tachycardia}}) *{{c6::AVNRT}}: spe…
Published	10/22/2023	some relavent drugsprocainamide (antiarrhthhmic class Ia) → inhibits {{c9::Na+}} channel → decreases cardiac excitability**use for {{c8::WPW}}ate…
Published	10/22/2023	{{c1::fibrillin-1 (FBN-1)}} gene mutation is an autosomal-dominant mutation with variable expression → {{c2::Marfan}} syndrome → can cause aortic&nbsp…
Published	10/22/2023	Acute coronary syndrome consists of NSTEMI, STEMI, & {{c1::unstable angina}}{{c2::unstable angina}} has stenosis & thrombosisstable …
Published	10/22/2023	post MI {{c1::cardiogenic}} shock can result in cold/clammy hands
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