Notes in 11 Toxic metabolic disorders

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Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disorders {{c1::Wernicke encephalopathy}} is an acute syndrome of ataxia, confusion, and oculomotor dysfuncti…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersOn imaging, the affected areas in Wernicke encephalopathy demonstrate {{c1::symmetric::symmetric/asymmetr…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersMost frequently affected areas in Wernicke encephalopathy:{{c1::medial thalami }}{{c2::mamillary bod…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersFLAIR images show T2 prolongation involving the {{c1::thalami}}, {{c2::caudate nuclei}}, {{c3::inferior h…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersHyperparathyroidism can be caused by a {{c1::parathyroid adenoma}} or {{c2::parathyroid hyperplasia}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersCT findings of parathyoid dysfunction disorders show coarse, bilateral and symmetric calcifications in th…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersMR images of parathyroid dysfunction disorders display {{c1::hyper}}intensity on T{{c2::1}}-weighted imag…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersBesides the basal ganglia, parathyroid dysfunction disorders may also affect the {{c1::thalami}}, {{c2::s…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disorders{{c1::Fahr}} disease is a genetic condition characterized by idiopathic, bilateral {{c2::basal ganglia ca…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disorders{{c1::Chronic hepatic encephalopathy}} manifests as a range of {{c2::subtle cognitive impairment}} t…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersThe characteristic imaging finding for {{c1::chronic::acute/chronic}} hepatic encephalopathy is symmetric…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disorders{{c1::Acute hepatic}} encephalopathy or {{c1::hyperammonemic}} encephalopathy is primarily caused by {{c1…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersCharacteristic imaging features of hyperammonemic encephalopathy include: {{c1::restricted diffusion…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersIn hyperammonemic encephalopathy there is relative sparing of the {{c1::occipital}} lobes and {{c1::perir…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersIn acute on chronic liver failure:Recurrent alterations in ammonia levels can result in chronic accu…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersThe most common imaging pattern for {{c3::uremic}} encephalopathy is bilateral {{c1::symmetric::symmetric…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersThe {{c1::lentiform fork}} sign can be seen in patients with uremic encephalopathy and concurrent {{c2::m…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersThe {{c1::lentiform fork}} sign is characterized by {{c3::FLAIR hyperintensity}} involving the {{c3::whit…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disorders{{c3::Hypoglycemic}} encephalopathy is associated with {{c1::symmetric::symmetric/asymmetric}} FLAIR…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersIn patients with hypoglycemic encephalopathy, prognosis is {{c2::poor::good/poor}} if there is {{c1::basa…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disorders{{c1::Diabetic striatopathy}}, also known as {{c2::hyperglycemia-induced hemichorea-hemiballismus}}, is a…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersDiabetic striatopathy is most frequently seen in type {{c1::2}} diabetic patients and is a complication o…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersImaging findings for {{c3::diabetic striatopathy}} are pathognomonic, characterized by {{c1::unilateral:u…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersThe clinical and imaging findings for diabetic striatopathy are {{c1::reversible::reversible/irreversible…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disorders{{c1::Hypoxic ischemic}} encephalopathy in adults is caused by circulatory or respiratory failure, leadin…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersSevere hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) typically affects the gray matter, including the {{c1::cereb…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersThis distribution of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy is similar to that of severe {{c1::hypoglycemia::met…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersInvolvement of the {{c1::basal ganglia}} in hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) portends a worse progno…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersHypoxic ischemic encephalopathy on CT: -loss of {{c1::gray-white differentiation}} -diffuse {{c2::ce…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersThe {{c1::white cerebellum}} sign describes {{c2::the typical sparing of the cerebellum, which appea…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersFLAIR: symmetrical T2 prolongation in bilateral putamina, caudate, and globi pallidiDWI: hypertensity wit…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersPatients with {{c1::methanol}} poisoning present with severe metabolic acidosis, along with visual and GI…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disorders{{c3::Selective hemorrhagic necrosis}} of the {{c1::putamina}} with relative sparing of the {{c1::globi p…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disorders{{c1::Restricted}} diffusion can be seen in the acute phase of methanol poisoning.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersMR spectroscopy shows reduced {{c1::N-acetylaspartate (NAA)}} and elevated {{c2::lactate}} peaks in metha…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disorders{{c1::Carbon monoxide}} is an odorless and colorless gas which has a higher affinity to hemoglobin than o…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersBilateral, {{c1::symmetric::symmetric/asymmetric}}, necrosis of the {{c1::globi pallidi}} is the hallmark…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disorders{{c1::Carbon monoxide}} poisoning on MR appears as a {{c3::hyper}}intense {{c2::globi pallidi}} with {{c3…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersFindings: hyperintense signal in bilateral {{c1::globi pallidi }}Diagnosis: {{c2::Carbon monoxide po…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disorders{{c1::Osmotic demyelination}} typically occurs after aggressive correction of {{c2::hyponatremia}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersIn osmotic demyelination, the quick osmotic gradient change causes endothelial damage, blood-brain barrie…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersPatient populations most susceptible to osmotic demyelination: {{c1::alcoholics}} {{c2::chronic…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersOsmotic demyelination is most frequently seen in the {{c1::pons::brain part}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersIn osmotic demyelination up to {{c1::50}}% of cases are extrapontine lesions. Most commonly: {{c2::t…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersFLAIR: T2 prolongation in the {{c1::central pons}}Diagnosis: {{c2::Cental pontine myelinolysis::toxic met…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disorders{{c1::Marchiafava-Bignami disease (MBD)}} is characterized by demyelination and subsequent necrosis of th…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersMarchiafava-Bignami disease is primarily associated with chronic {{c1::alcohol}} use and {{c2::vitamin B …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersMarchiafava-Bignami disease can be accompanied by other alcohol-related conditions, such as {{c1::Wernick…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersFLAIR: T2 prolongation in the {{c1::corpus callosum}} with extension into the bilateral {{c1::pericallosa…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersLeft image: symmetric hyperintensity in bilateral {{c1::dentate nuclei}} Right image: hyperintensity…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersWhile metronidazole-induced brain toxicity occurs most frequently in patients with prolonged treatment co…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersClinically, metronidazole-induced brain toxicity patients present with {{c1::cerebellar}} dysfunction, {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersCharacteristic imaging findings of {{c7::metronidazole}}-induced brain toxicity include:{{c6::symmetric::…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersThe most characteristic imaging finding of methotrexate-induced brain toxicity is:bilateral, {{c1::asymme…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersIn more severe cases of necrotizing encephalopathy secondary to {{c2::methotrexate::drug}}-induced toxici…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersThe lesions and enhancement in the brain as a result of methotrexate-induced brain toxicity disappear {{c…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersPatient presented with left arm weakness.DWI (left image) and ADC map (right) show foccal decreased diffu…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersMR images of parathyroid dysfunction disorders display {{c1::blooming artifacts}} on T{{c2::2}}*- or…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersFahr disease is a genetic condition with {{c1::no}} laboratory abnormalities.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersChronic hepatic encephalopathy is a(n) {{c1::reversible::reversible/irreversible}} clinical syndrome seen…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disorders{{c1::Hypoglycemic}} encephalopathy is associated with relative sparing of the {{c2::thalami}},…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disordersThe white cerebellum sign is often seen in {{c1::severe hypoxic ischemic}} encephalopathy
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Toxic metabolic disorders{{c1::Carbon monoxide}} poisoning on MR appears with {{c2::restricted}} diffusion and {{c2::hypo}}intensi…
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