Notes in UPM - PAEDIATRICS

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Developmental Milestones

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	10/18/2023	Definition{{c3::Neonate}}: {{c1::< 30 days old}}{{c3::Infant}}: {{c1::<1 year}}{{c3::Toddler}}: {{c1::2-3 years old}}Younger children: {{c2::4-5…
Published	10/18/2023	JONES Criteria for Acute Rheumatic Fever:Essential criteria Evidence of antecedent streptococcal infection with at least one of the followin…
Published	10/18/2023	Investigations for Acute Rheumatic FeverBlooda. Acute phase reactant: {{c1::ESR and CRP}}b. Detection of Strep: {{c1::Throat swab C&S}}c. Measurem…
Published	10/18/2023	Acute Rheumatic Fever: Treatment of acute diseaseAim: To suppress {{c1::inflammatory}} response so as to minimize {{c1::cardiac}} damage, provide…
Published	10/18/2023	Secondary Prophylaxis of Rheumatic FeverEither 1: {{c1::IM Benzathine Penicillin}} (monthly) {{c1::Oral Penicillin V}} (daily) {{c1::Oral Erythromycin…
Published	10/18/2023	Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis prophylaxisPrior to {{c1::surgical}} procedures Single dose {{c2::oral Amoxicillin}} half an hour before pro…
Published	10/18/2023	The AHA criteria of Kawasaki disease may be remembered with the mnemonic "{{c1::CRASH and burn}}"{{c1::Fever > 5 days + at least 4 out of 5::Criter…
Published	10/18/2023	Complications of Kawasaki DiseaseAffects {{c1::middle}}-sized arteries → {{c2::coronary arterial aneurysm/ectasia}} → {{c3::coronary thrombosis}} &amp…
Published	10/18/2023	Consider differential diagnosis of {{c1::Kawasaki Disease}} in all children presenting with seemingly obscure myocardial dysfunction and shock
Published	10/18/2023	Management of Kawasaki Disease  {{c2::Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG)}} [standard of care] Should be given within first {{c1::10}} days (…
Published	10/18/2023	Refractory Kawasaki Disease: {{c1::Persistent or recrudescent fever ≥ 36hrs after completion of initial dose of IVIG.::definition}}
Published	10/18/2023	Management of Kawasaki Disease1. Primary Treatment{{c1::IV Immunoglobulins}} 2 g/kg infusion over 10 - 12 hours {{c1::Oral aspirin}} ({{c2::anti-infla…
Published	10/18/2023	Aneurysms in children are classified by the AHA {{c1::Small}} ({{c2::<5mm}} internal diameter){{c1::Medium}} ({{c2::5–8mm}} internal diameter){{c1:…
Published	10/18/2023	Cyanosis: {{c1::Bluish discoloration of lips and mucous membranes::Definition}}Caused by {{c2::excess deoxygenated haemoglobin (> 5 g/dL)}}Con…
Published	10/18/2023	{{c1::Inspiratory}} Stridor: Obstruction {{c2::above glottis}}{{c1::Expiratory}} Stridor: Obstruction {{c2::at or below lower trachea}}{{c1::Biphasic}…
Published	10/18/2023	What vaccinations are given at birth?{{c1::BCG, Hepatitis B}}
Published	10/18/2023	When is Hexavalent (DTap-IPV-HepB-Hib) vaccine administered?{{c1::2, 3, 5 months; booster at 18months}}
Published	10/18/2023	When is Pneumococcal vaccine administered?{{c1::4, 6 months; booster at 15 months}}
Published	10/18/2023	When is MMR vaccine administered?{{c1::9, 12 months}}
Published	10/18/2023	When is HPV vaccine administered?{{c1::D1 and D2 at 13 years old}}
Published	10/18/2023	Asthma:{{c1::Reversible and variable airflow limitation as evidenced by a >20% improvement in PEFR, or a > 12% improvement in FEV1 in respo…
Published	10/18/2023	On discharge, patients must be provided with an Asthma Action Plan to assist parents or patients to prevent/terminate asthma attacks. The plan must in…
Published	10/18/2023	Salbutamol MDI vs nebulizer< 6 year old: {{c2::6 x 100 mcg}} puff = {{c1::2.5 mg}} Salbutamol nebules> 6 year old: {{c2::12 x 100 mcg}} puff = {…
Published	10/18/2023	Corticosteroids used for Acute Asthma{{c1::Oral Prednisolone}}: {{c2::1-2 mg/kg/day}} (for {{c2::3-7}} days){{c1::IV Hydrocortisone}}: {{c3::4-5 mg/kg…
Published	10/18/2023	Drug Dosages for Medications used in Acute AsthmaSalbutamol {{c1::Nebuliser solution 5 mg/ml or 2.5 mg/ml nebule}}:{{c2::0.15 mg/kg/dose}} (max {{c2::…
Published	10/18/2023	{{c1::Intermittent::Category of newly diagnosed asthma?}}Daytime symptoms {{c2::<1x/week}}Nocturnal symptoms {{c2::<1x/month}}{{c2::No exercise …
Published	10/18/2023	{{c1::Mild Persistent::Category of newly diagnosed asthma?}}Daytime symptoms {{c2::>1x/week}}Nocturnal symptoms {{c2::>2x/month}}{{c2::Exercise …
Published	10/18/2023	{{c1::Moderate Persistent::Category of newly diagnosed asthma?}}Daytime symptoms {{c2::daily}}Nocturnal symptoms {{c2:: >1x/week}}{{c2::Exerci…
Published	10/18/2023	{{c1::Severe Persistent::Category of newly diagnosed asthma?}}Daytime symptoms {{c2::daily}}{{c2::Daily}} nocturnal symptoms{{c2::Daily}} exercis…
Published	10/18/2023	Drug Therapy: Delivery systems available & recommendation for different ages{{c4::< 5}}: {{c1::Oral; MDI + Spacer with Mask}}{{c4::5 - 8}}:…
Published	10/18/2023	Management of Chronic Asthma in ChildrenEnsure {{c1::compliance}}, optimal {{c1::inhaler technique}} before progression to next stepStep-up; assess pa…
Published	10/18/2023	{{c1::Seretide; Salmeterol+Fluticasone (LABA + ICS)::Brand name; Drug (Class)}}
Published	10/18/2023	{{c1::Symbicort; Formoterol+Budesonide (LABA + ICS)::Brand name; Drug (Class)}}
Published	10/18/2023	{{c1::Ventolin; Salbutamol (SABA)::Brand name; Drug (Class)}}
Published	10/18/2023	Characteristic of diarrhoea{{c1::Osmotic}} diarrhoea: Diarrhoea {{c2::ceased}} during fasting{{c1::Secretory}} diarrhoea: Diarrhoea {{c2::persist…
Published	10/18/2023	{{c4::Global developmental delay (GDD)}}: Delay in {{c1::≥ 2}} developmental domains of {{c2::gross/fine motor, speech/language, cognition, so…
Published	10/18/2023	Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) is an {{c1::abrupt onset of one or more features of an Acute Nephritic Syndrome}}
Published	10/18/2023	Features of Acute Nephritic Syndrome:{{c1::Oedema e.g. facial puffinessMicroscopic /macroscopic haematuria (urine: tea-coloured or smoky)Decreased uri…
Published	10/18/2023	Causes of Acute Nephritis{{c1::Post streptococcal AGN}}{{c1::Post-infectious acute glomerulonephritis (other than Grp A ß-Haemolytic Streptococci…
Published	10/18/2023	The commonest cause of an acute nephritic syndrome is {{c1::post-infectious AGN}}, mainly due to {{c1::post-streptococcal pharynx or skin infectio…
Published	10/18/2023	Indications for Renal Biopsy in AGN {{c1::Severe acute renal failure requiring dialysis}}{{c2::Features suggesting a non post-infectious AGN as the ca…
Published	10/18/2023	Henoch-Schonlein Purpura Nephritis: Definition{{c1::Classic tetrad of rash, abdominal pain, arthritis/arthralgia, glomerulonephritis}}
Published	10/18/2023	Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical syndrome of {{c1::massive proteinuria}} defined by{{c2::Oedema}}{{c3::Hypoalbuminaemia of <25g/L}}{{c4::Protei…
Published	10/18/2023	Hepatomegaly is defined by liver palpable below subcostal margin for {{c1::>2 cm (about one finger breadth)}} with upper border located at …
Published	10/18/2023	Clinical Assessment of Croup (Wagener) Mild: {{c1::Stridor with excitement or at rest, with no respiratory distress}} Moderate: {{c2::Stridor at rest…
Published	10/18/2023	Algorithm for the Management of Viral CroupMild: {{c4::Outpatient}}{{c1::Oral/Parenteral Dexamethasone OR Prednisolone OR Neublised Budesonide (if vom…
Published	10/18/2023	Complications of PneumoniaFluid: {{c1::Parapneumonic effusion, empyema, lung abscess}}Air: {{c2::Pneumatocele, pneumothorax}} Blood: {{c2::Atypical ha…
Published	10/18/2023	Pertussis infectionCommon in children {{c1::< 3 months}} oldSx: {{c1::whooping cough}}Rx: {{c1::Erythromycin for 14 days}}
Published	10/18/2023	Assessment of Severity in Pneumonia{{c2::Age < 2 months}}{{c4::Severe}} Pneumonia: {{c1::Severe chest indrawing; tachypnoea}}{{c4::Very Severe}} Pn…
Published	10/18/2023	Tachypnoea is defined as follows: {{c2::< 2 months}} age: {{c1::>60/min}} {{c2::2-12 months}} age: {{c1::>50/min}} {{c2::12 months - 5 y…
Published	10/18/2023	{{c4::Hyperoxia test}}:{{c1::Administer 100% oxygen via headbox at 15 L/min for 15 mins}}{{c1::ABG taken from right radial artery}}{{c3::Cyanotic hear…
Published	10/18/2023	Nephrotic Syndrome {{c2::Remission}}: {{c1::Urine dipstix trace or nil for 3 consecutive days}}
Published	10/18/2023	{{c1::Steroid resistant}} nephrotic syndrome: {{c2::Failure to achieve remission despite 4 weeks of adequate corticosteroid therapy (prednis…
Published	10/18/2023	Initial treatment for Nephrotic syndrome: {{c1::Glucocorticoid (oral Prednisolone)}}Induction Phase: {{c3::60mg/m2/day}} for {{c3::4 weeks}}…
Published	10/18/2023	{{c1::Relapsed}} nephrotic syndrome: {{c2::Urine albumin excretion >40 mg/m2/hour or urine dipstix of ≥2+ for 3 consecutive days}}
Published	10/18/2023	{{c1::Frequent relapsed}} nephrotic syndrome: {{c2::≥ 2 relapses within 6 months of initial diagnosis or ≥ 4 relapses within any 12 month period}…
Published	10/18/2023	Treatment of Initial or Infrequent Relapse Nephrotic syndrome: {{c1::Glucocorticoid (oral Prednisolone)}}Induction Phase: {{c3::60mg/m2/day}…
Published	10/18/2023	Treatment for frequent relapsed Nephrotic syndromeInduction of relapse is with oral Prednisolone as follows: {{c1::60 mg/m2/day}} until&nbsp…
Published	10/18/2023	{{c2::Steroid dependent}} nephrotic syndrome: {{c1::≥ 2 consecutive relapses occurring during steroid taper or within 14 days of the cessation of…
Published	10/18/2023	.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;} .tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-si…
Published	10/18/2023	.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;} .tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-si…
Published	10/18/2023	Innocent murmurs {{c1::Asymptomatic}}{{c1::Systolic}} {{c1::Short}} {{c1::Soft}} {{c2::Heard over a small area}}{{c2::No other abnormal signs eg puls…
Published	10/18/2023	There are 5 types of innocent murmurs: {{c1::Still’s murmur}} (early systolic at LSE) {{c2::Pulmonary ejection systolic murmur}}{{c3::Venous hum}…
Published	10/18/2023	.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;} .tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-si…
Published	10/18/2023	Investigations for Nephrotic Syndrome {{c1::Full blood count}}{{c1::Renal profile: Urea, creatinine, electrolyte}}{{c2::Lipid profile: Hyperlipid…
Published	10/18/2023	Differential diagnosis of an Oedematous Child{{c1::Nephrotic Syndrome}}{{c1::Congestive Cardiac Failure}} {{c1::Chronic liver disease}}{{c1::Allergic …
Published	10/18/2023	.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;} .tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-si…
Published	10/18/2023	Initial fluids for resuscitation of shock: {{c1::20 ml/kg::dosage}} of {{c2::0.9% Normal Saline (NS)}} or {{c2::Hartmann’s solution}} as a rapid IV bo…
Published	10/18/2023	Fluid restriction in Acute Glomerulonephritis:During {{c1::oliguric/anuric}} phase only:Based on {{c2::previous day urine output + insensible loss&nbs…
Published	10/18/2023	.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;} .tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-si…
Published	10/18/2023	Fluid replacement in Acute Gastroenteritis (AGE):Resuscitation with fluid bolus: {{c1::10-20mls/kg}} over {{c2::30mins}} (max. {{c1::60mls/k…
Published	10/18/2023	Tone is defined as {{c1::resistance to passive movement}}
Published	10/18/2023	.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;} .tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-si…
Published	10/18/2023	.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;} .tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-si…
Published	10/18/2023	.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;} .tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-si…
Published	10/18/2023	.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;} .tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-si…
Published	10/18/2023	.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;} .tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-si…
Published	10/18/2023	.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;} .tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-si…
Published	10/18/2023	The normal CSF/serum glucose ratio is {{c1::0.60}}
Published	10/18/2023	.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;} .tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-si…
Published	10/18/2023	Normal respiratory rate in neonates:{{c1::30–60 breaths/minute}}
Published	10/18/2023	Normal respiratory rate in infants (< 1 year):{{c1::30–40 breaths/minute}}
Published	10/18/2023	Normal respiratory rate in Toddler and Preschool (1-5 years):{{c1::25 – 30 breaths/minute}}
Published	10/18/2023	Normal respiratory rate in Adolescent (12-15 years): {{c1::15–20 breaths/minute}}
Published	10/18/2023	Normal respiratory rate in school-age (6-11 years): {{c1::15–25 breaths/minute}}
Published	10/18/2023	Normal heart rate in 1 month-1 year child:{{c1::80-150 beats/minute}}
Published	10/18/2023	Normal heart rate in neonates:{{c1::100–160 beats/minute}}
Published	10/18/2023	Normal heart rate in 4-10 years old child:{{c1::70-110beats/minute}}
Published	10/18/2023	Normal heart rate in 1-4 years old child:{{c1::80-120 beats/minute}}
Published	10/18/2023	Dengue Warning Signs{{c1::Abdominal pain (continuous) or tenderness}}{{c1::Persistent vomiting (≥2)}}{{c1::Liver enlargement > 2cm}}{{c3::Lethargy,…
Published	10/18/2023	Criteria for Severe Dengue1. {{c1::Severe plasma leakage}}2. {{c1::Severe haemorrhage}}3. {{c1::Severe organ impairment}}
Published	10/18/2023	Defervescence in dengue: {{c1::Temperature drops to and remains below 38°C}}
Published	10/18/2023	Dengue FeverIncubation period: {{c1::4 - 10 days}}Febrile Phase: lasts {{c1::2 - 7 days}}Critical Phase: lasts {{c1::24 - 48 hours}} Recovery Phase:&n…
Published	10/18/2023	Children suspected of dengue infection should be tested with a combination of {{c1::NS1 Antigen/IgM/IgG rapid test (dengue rapid combo test)}}{{c1…
Published	10/18/2023	Common primitive reflexes:{{c2::Rooting}} (disappear {{c1::4/12}}){{c2::Palmar grasp}} (disappear {{c1::4/12}}){{c2::ATNR}} (disappear {{c1::6/12}}…
Published	10/18/2023	Asthmatic Predictive IndexPositive index ({{c1::≥ 3 wheezing episodes/year during first 3 years}}) + {{c1::1 major criterion or 2 minor crit…
Published	10/18/2023	Lumbar Puncture in PaediatricsSend {{c1::3}} bottles (10 drops in each):{{c1::- Biochemistry: Protein, Glucose- Culture & Sensitivity: Bacteria, L…
Published	10/18/2023	Should we use warm/cold water for tepid sponging? Why?{{c1::Warm water; because warm water induces vasodilation which helps in liberating heat}}
Published	10/18/2023	Definition of Febrile Seizures:{{c1::Seizures occurring in association with fever in children between 3 months and 6 years of age, in whom there is no…
Published	10/18/2023	Antipyrexia in paediatrics:{{c2::Syrup/Rectal Paracetamol 15 mg/kg 6 hourly}}
Published	10/18/2023	Parents of children with high risk of recurrent febrile seizures including those with febrile status epilepticus should be supplied with {{c1::Rec…
Published	10/18/2023	Risk factors for Recurrent Febrile Seizures{{c1::Family history of Febrile seizures::History}}{{c1::Age < 18 months::Age}}{{c1::Low degree of feve…
Published	10/18/2023	Complications of Nephrotic Syndrome (and treatment): {{c1::Hypovolaemia}}{{c1::Hypercholesterolemia}}{{c1::Hypercoagulability (Thromboembolic e…
Published	10/18/2023	Nephrotic Syndrome:If the child is steroid toxic ({{c1::short}} stature, {{c1::striae::skin}}, {{c1::cataracts::eye}}, {{c1::glaucoma::eye}}, sever…
Published	10/18/2023	Management of infections during steroid therapy period in Nephrotic syndromeVaricella zoster infectionAlways assess varicella zoster immunity statu…
Published	10/18/2023	What are the causes of nephrotic syndrome in children?Most common: {{c1::Minimal Change Disease}}Other: {{c1::Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (F…
Published	10/18/2023	Management of Nephrotic Syndrome:Penicillin V {{c1::125 mg BD}} ({{c3::1-5}} years age), {{c1::250 mg BD}} ({{c3::6-12}} years), {{c1::500 mg BD}} …
Published	10/18/2023	What is the significance of checking hepatosplenomegaly in nephrotic syndrome? {{c1::Hepatic vein thrombosis}}
Published	10/18/2023	If a nephrotic syndrome patient develops seizure in the ward, what could be the possible cause?{{c1::Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis}}
Published	10/18/2023	What is the expected finding in FBC in nephrotic syndrome?{{c1::Haemoconcentration due to hypovolemia}}
Published	10/18/2023	When a child with nephrotic syndrome develops abdominal pain, what could be the causes{{c1::Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, Metabolic acidosis d…
Published	10/18/2023	What are the causes of relapse in nephrotic syndrome?{{c1::Steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome}}{{c1::Infections}}{{c1::Non-compliance to medicati…
Published	10/18/2023	Management of Status EpilepticusEnsure haemodynamic status securedAdequate ventilationPut on BP monitoringSeizure < 5 min → {{c1::PR Diazepam}}Se…
Published	10/18/2023	{{c1::Berodual; Fenoterol + Ipratropium bromide (SABA + Anticholinergic)::Brand name; Drug (Class)}}
Published	10/18/2023	{{c1::Flixotide; Fluticasone (ICS)::Brand name; Drug (Class)}}
Published	10/18/2023	Signs of Respiratory Distress{{c1::Head bobbing, nasal flaring, grunting, suprasternal recession, intercostal and subcostal recession}}
Published	10/18/2023	Asthma Drugs1. Reliever- {{c1::β2-agonists (Salbutamol, Terbutaline)}}- {{c1::Antimuscarinic (Ipratropium Bromide)}}2. Controller: - {{…
Published	10/18/2023	Severity of Acute Asthma Exacerbations: {{c1::WORST GASP}} .tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;} .tg td{border-color:black;border-style:s…
Published	10/18/2023	Respiratory Examination: Added sounds{{c4::Stridor}} – continuous {{c1::low}}-pitched {{c1::mono}}phonic noise; due to partial obstruction o…
Published	10/18/2023	Types of chest scars with the possible surgical intervention .tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;} .tg td{border-color:black;border-style…
Published	10/18/2023	{{c1::Pleural effusion::Condition}}Chest movement: {{c2::Decreased}}Mediastinal shift: {{c2::To opposite side}}Percussion note: {{c2::Stony dull}…
Published	10/18/2023	{{c1::Consolidation::Condition}}Chest movement: {{c2::Decreased}}Mediastinal shift: {{c2::None}}Percussion note: {{c2::Dull}}Breath sounds: …
Published	10/18/2023	{{c1::Collapse::Condition}}Chest movement: {{c2::Decreased}}Mediastinal shift: {{c2::To same side}}Percussion note: {{c2::Dull}}Breath sounds:&nb…
Published	10/18/2023	{{c1::Fibrosis::Condition}}Chest movement: {{c2::Decreased}}Mediastinal shift: {{c2::To same side}}Percussion note: {{c2::Dull}}Breath sounds:&nb…
Published	10/18/2023	{{c1::Pneumothorax::Condition}}Chest movement: {{c2::Decreased}}Mediastinal shift: {{c2::To opposite side}}Percussion note: {{c2::Hyperresonant}}…
Published	10/18/2023	Cardiovascular ExaminationCauses of unequal pulses:{{c1::coarctation involving the left subclavian or following coarctation repair, classic left BT…
Published	10/18/2023	Cardiovascular ExaminationLarge volume and rapid collapse (bounding/collapsing): {{c1::PDA, Aortic regurgitation}}Small volume: {{c2::Heart failure, S…
Published	10/18/2023	Differential diagnoses of recurrent wheezing{{c1::Tracheo/bronchomalacia}}{{c1::Vascular ring}}{{c1::Asthma}}{{c1::Multitrigger wheeze}}{{c1::Viral-…
Published	10/18/2023	Investigations for assessment of iron load (in Thalassemic patients) {{c1::Serum ferritin level every 3 to 6 months}}{{c1::MRI T2* to assess card…
Published	10/18/2023	Indications to start iron chelation therapy in Thalassemia patients{{c1::serum ferritin >1000 μg/L on more than 2 occasions in at least 2 weeks apa…
Published	10/18/2023	Choices of iron chelator: {{c1::Desferrioxamine (DFO)  Deferiprone (DFP)  Deferasirox (DFX)}}
Published	10/18/2023	Causes of Cerebral PalsyAntenatal (80%)Foetal: {{c1::Cerebral dysgenesis; Congenital malformation (congenital cyst, fusion defect)}}Maternal:&nbs…
Published	10/18/2023	Complications of Cerebral PalsyGeneral: {{c1::Learning difficulties, global developmental delay, failure to thrive::3}}Head: {{c2::Epilepsy, visual/he…
Published	10/18/2023	Classification of Cerebral Palsy based on motor function{{c1::Spastic (70%) - Hemiplegia, Diplegia, QuadriplegiaAtaxic (10%)Dyskinetic (10%) - Dystoni…
Published	10/18/2023	Management of Acute GastroenteritisMild dehydration: {{c1::ORS 40 - 60 ml/kg within 4 - 6 hours 10 ml/kg ORS after each diarrhoeaContinue feedi…
Published	10/18/2023	Full Diagnosis of Dengue Fever1. {{c1::Day ? of illness}}2. {{c1::Febrile/Critical (how many hours)/Recovery phase}}3. {{c1::With (resolved/persistent…
Published	10/18/2023	Complications of DengueFebrile Phase: {{c1::Dehydration}}Critical Phase: {{c1::Shock, Bleeding, Organ dysfunction}}Recovery Phase: {{c1…
Published	10/18/2023	Haemoconcentration in Dengue Fever:{{c1::> 20% increase from baseline Hct}}
Published	10/18/2023	{{c1::Nasal prong 2L/min}} → {{c1::Face mask 5L/min}} → {{c1::High flow mask 15L/min}} → {{c1::High flow nasal cannula}} (maximize PEEP) → {…
Published	10/18/2023	Asthma management based on levels of control is a step up and step down approach as shown in the table below:  .tg {border-collapse:coll…
Published	10/18/2023	The majority of LRTIs are {{c1::viral::bacetrial/viral}} in origin (e.g. {{c1::Respiratory syncytial virus, Influenza A or B, Adenovirus, Parainfluenz…
Published	10/18/2023	What are the predominant bacterial pathogens for Pneumonia in newborns?{{c1::GBS, E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacteriaceae::4}}
Published	10/18/2023	What are the predominant bacterial pathogens for Pneumonia in infants 1-3 months?{{c1::Chlamydia trachomatis}}
Published	10/18/2023	What are the predominant bacterial pathogens for Pneumonia in preschool age?{{c1::Strep. pneumoniae, H. influenzae type b, Staph. …
Published	10/18/2023	What are the predominant bacterial pathogens for Pneumonia in school age?{{c1::Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae::2}}
Published	10/18/2023	Investigations for Pneumonia: Serological testsSerology is performed in patients with suspected {{c1::atypical pneumonia}} (i.e. {{c1::Mycopl…
Published	10/18/2023	Investigations for Pneumonia: Serological tests{{c1::Acute phase serum titre > 1:160}} or {{c1::paired samples taken 2-4 weeks apart with a 4 …
Published	10/18/2023	Causes of Cerebral Palsy: Antenatal (80%)Foetal: {{c1::Cerebral dysgenesis}} {{c1::Congenital malformation (congenital cyst, fusion def…
Published	10/18/2023	Causes of Cerebral Palsy: Intrapartum (10%)Foetal: Birth {{c2::asphyxia (HIE)}}Cord {{c2::prolapse}} Cord {{c2::strangulation}}&nb…
Published	10/18/2023	Causes of Cerebral Palsy: Postpartum (10%){{c1::Preterm infant (periventricular leukomalacia)::what infant}}Intracranial {{c1::haemorrhage}}…
Published	10/18/2023	Displaced apex beat: {{c1::cardiomegaly, scoliosis, pectus excavatum}}Apex on right: {{c2::dextrocardia or dextroposition}}
Published	10/18/2023	Amount of current used for defibrillation: For first shock: {{c1::2J/kg}}Subsequent: {{c1::4J/kg}}
Published	10/18/2023	RF of congenital heart disease
Published	10/18/2023	Cause of HF in neonates: {{c1::LV outflow obstruction}}Cause of HF in infancy: {{c1::L-to-R shunts}}
Published	10/18/2023	Signs of HF in pediatric
Published	10/18/2023	Objective test to differentiate cardiac vs respiratory causes of cyanosis: {{c1::Hyperoxic test}}Cardiac: {{c2::less significant increase of…
Published	10/18/2023	Differential cyanosis: {{c1::difference in PaO₂ in different parts of the body caused by shunting through PDA}}Persistent pulmonary HPT in neonat…
Published	10/18/2023	Most common cause of cyanotic heart disease: {{c1::TOF}}Most common cyanotic heart disease in neonates: {{c1::TGA}}
Published	10/18/2023	Causes of neonatal cyanosis:Reduced pulmonary blood loss{{c1::severe TOF}}{{c1::pulmonary atresia}}{{c1::tricuspid atresia}}Abnormal mixing of blood{{…
Published	10/18/2023	IV Prostaglandin EFor duct-dependent lesionStarting dose: {{c1::10 – 40 ng/kg/min}}Maintenance: {{c1::2 – 10 ng/kg/min}}SE: {{c2::apnea, fever, h…
Published	10/18/2023	Types of VSD
Published	10/18/2023	Presentations of Small VSD
Published	10/18/2023	Investigations for large VSD:CXR: {{c1::cardiomegaly, plethoric lungs, enlarged PA}}ECG: {{c2::LV hypertrophy pattern}}in pulmonary HPT:&nbs…
Published	10/18/2023	Medication of HFFrusemide: {{c1::1-3mg/kg/d}}, to {{c2::reduce preload}}Spironolactone: {{c4::1mg/kg/dose BD}} use with Frusemide, help with…
Published	10/18/2023	Indications of surgery in VSD
Published	10/18/2023	Types of ASD
Published	10/18/2023	Adult (>40) presentation of ASD
Published	10/18/2023	Investigation of large ASD:CXR: {{c1::cardiomegaly, plethoric lung}}ECG: {{c2::RAD, RBBB, RV hypertrophy}}
Published	10/18/2023	Transcatheter repair of ASD:Timing: {{c1::done in 4-5 y/o (bfore go to school) or earlier if symptomatic}}Surgery:Indication: {{c2::large AS…
Published	10/18/2023	Closure of Ductus Arteriosus:Functional closure @ {{c1::12H after birth}}Ligamentum arteriosum formed by {{c1::2-3 weeks}}Pathological if re…
Published	10/18/2023	Signs of PDA
Published	10/18/2023	COX2- inhibitor: Dose {{c1::3 doses at 10mg/kg → 5mg/kg → 5mg/kg (each at 24 hours apart)}}- Eg: {{c1::indomethacin, ibuprofen}}T. PCM: Dose…
Published	10/18/2023	Coarctation of aorta:Upper limb HPT: significant difference >{{c1::15-20mmHg}} between arms and legsRadiofemoral delay: {{c2::femoral artery}}…
Published	10/18/2023	Glomerular basement membrane is normally impermeable to albumin due to its {{c1::negative charge}} and {{c1::size selectivity}}
Published	10/18/2023	Normal protein excretion{{c1::<4}} mg/m²/H OR {{c1::<100}} mg/m²/day OR {{c1::<1+}} on dipstick
Published	10/18/2023	Diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome:Nephrotic range proteinuriaearly morning urine PCR: {{c1::>200mg/mmol}}urinary protein excretion: {{c1::&…
Published	10/18/2023	Congenital nephrotic syndrome: {{c1::within first 3 months of life}}Infantile nephrotic syndrome: {{c1::3-12 months of life}}
Published	10/18/2023	Onset of nephrotic syndrome: {{c1::pre-school age}}Onset of post-infectious GN: {{c1::school-going age}}
Published	10/18/2023	Indications of renal biopsy in nephrotic syndrome:
Published	10/18/2023	Definition of remission (nephrotic syndrome)
Published	10/18/2023	Definition of relapse (nephrotic syndrome)
Published	10/18/2023	Definition of frequent relapses (nephrotic syndrome)
Published	10/18/2023	Definition of steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome
Published	10/18/2023	Definition of steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome
Published	10/18/2023	Definition of steroid dependence nephrotic syndrome
Published	10/18/2023	1. Initial ep of nephrotic syndrome: Prednisolone {{c1::60mg/m²/day}} for {{c1::4 weeks}}- Responsive: Prednisolone {{c2::40mg/m²/alter…
Published	10/18/2023	Mechanism of infection in nephrotic syndrome:
Published	10/18/2023	Antibiotics for SBP:
Published	10/18/2023	Pathophysiology of Thrombosis in nephrotic syndrome:
Published	10/18/2023	Nephrotic syndrome:Within 6 weeks after cessation of corticosteroid, safe to administer {{c1::killed}} vaccine6 weeks after cessation of corticos…
Published	10/18/2023	Acute adrenal crisisSeen in children who have been on long term {{c1::corticosteroid therapy}} when undergo situations of stressGive {{c1::Hydrocortis…
Published	10/18/2023	Steroid toxicity that required changing to steroid-sparing agent:
Published	10/18/2023	Steroid sparing agent: CyclophosphamideIndication: {{c1::steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome with signs of steroid toxicity}} Begin therapy when in r…
Published	10/18/2023	Tetralogy of Fallot comprise of:
Published	10/18/2023	Investigations for TOF:CXR:{{c1::boot shaped heart due to RVH}}{{c1::oligemic lung fields}}ECG: {{c2::RAD}}{{c2::RVH}}{{c2::p pulmonale due to RA…
Published	10/18/2023	Indications of modified Blalock Taussig shunt:
Published	10/18/2023	Investigations of TGACXR:{{c1::egg on side appearance: cardiomegaly with narrow mediastinum}}{{c1::pulmonary plethora}}
Published	10/18/2023	How to manage hypercyanotic spell?
Published	10/18/2023	Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage: SubtypesSupracardiac: {{c1::PV drains into SVC}}Intracardiac: {{c2::PV drains directly to coronar…
Published	10/18/2023	Kawasaki disease:Predominantly affect {{c1::6 months- 4 years}}AKA {{c2::Mucocutaneous LN syndrome/Infantile Polyarteritis Nodosa}}Most comm…
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