Notes in KYCOM: Cholesterol, lipoproteins

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Published	01/29/2024	The intimal plaque that causes atherosclerosis consists of a necrotic lipid core (mostly {{c1::cholesterol}}) with a(n) {{c2::fibromuscular}} cap
Published	01/29/2024	The lumen of the {{c1::small intestine}} is the site of free fatty acid, bile acid, and cholesterol absorption
Published	01/29/2024	After being absorbed from the GI tract, free cholesterol is packaged into a(n) {{c1::chylomicron}} as cholesterol ester
Published	01/29/2024	The main component of chylomicrons is {{c1::triglycerides}}
Published	01/29/2024	Which apolipoproteins do chylomicrons express on their surface?{{c1::Apolipoproteins A-I, B-48, C-II, and E::4}}
Published	01/29/2024	The remnant receptor on the liver binds to {{c2::ApoE}} of the chylomicron remnant, causing subsequent endocytosis
Published	01/29/2024	Hepatocytes synthesize {{c2::cholesterol}} using the rate-limiting enzyme {{c1::HMG CoA reductase}}
Published	01/29/2024	The first intermediate in cholesterol synthesis is {{c1::mevalonate}} (from HMG CoA)
Published	01/29/2024	Cholesterol from the liver may be repackaged into the interior of {{c1::VLDLs}}
Published	01/29/2024	The main component of LDL is a core of {{c1::cholesterol esters}}
Published	01/29/2024	{{c1::LDLs}} are the main source of cholesterol delivery to peripheral tissues in the body
Published	01/29/2024	{{c1::Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)}} converts free cholesterol into cholesterol esters for transport by HDL
Published	01/29/2024	{{c1::Mature}} HDL particles contain LCAT-generated cholesterol esters
Published	01/29/2024	HDL transfers cholesterol esters to LDLs, IDLs, and VLDLs via {{c1::cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP)}} to be transported back to the liv…
Published	01/29/2024	{{c2::HDL}} delivers cholesterol esters directly to the liver via {{c1::scavenger receptor B-1}} receptors
Published	01/29/2024	{{c2::Statins (e.g. simvastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin)}} exert their effects by inhibiting the enzyme {{c1::HMG CoA reductase}}, thus decreasing…
Published	01/29/2024	Statins indirectly cause {{c1::increased}} LDL receptor expression on hepatocytes
Published	01/29/2024	The first line treatment for hypercholesterolemia (LDL) is with lifestyle modification and {{c1::statins}}
Published	01/29/2024	{{c1::Ezetimibe}} is a lipid-lowering agent that blocks absorption of {{c2::cholesterol}} at the small intestinal brush border
Published	01/29/2024	Ezetimibe restricts the liver's access to exogenous {{c1::cholesterol}}
Published	01/29/2024	Ezetimibe indirectly {{c1::increases}} HMG CoA reductase activity and thus {{c1::increases}} cholesterol synthesis by the liver
Published	01/29/2024	One function of the {{c3::HMP}} shunt is to provide a source of {{c1::NADPH}}, which is required for {{c2::reductive}} reactions
Published	01/29/2024	In the {{c1::liver}}, the HMP shunt provides a source of NADPH for biosynthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, and steroids
Published	01/29/2024	Is cholesterol polar or nonpolar?{{c1::Non-Polar}}
Published	01/29/2024	Is cholesterol ester polar or nonpolar? {{c1::Non-polar}}
Published	01/29/2024	What is the purpose of converting cholesterol into cholesterol ester? {{c1::More space-efficient (anhydrous)}}
Published	01/29/2024	Apoprotein {{c2::A-1}} is an activator of the enzyme {{c1::LCAT (lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase)}}
Published	01/29/2024	The intestines package {{c2::triglycerides}} and {{c3::cholesterol esters}} into {{c1::chylomicrons}}, which initially enter the lymph
Published	01/29/2024	What is the main component of chylomicrons?{{c1::Triglycerides}}
Published	01/29/2024	Once in the vicinity of the liver, the chylomicron remnant binds the {{c1::remnant}} receptor via apoprotein {{c2::E}}
Published	01/29/2024	The liver packages {{c2::triglycerides}} and {{c3::cholesterol}} into {{c1::VLDLs}}, which enter the blood
Published	01/29/2024	What is the main component of VLDLs?{{c1::Triglycerides}}
Published	01/29/2024	Once in the vicinity of the liver, the IDL may directly bind a(n) {{c1::LDL}} receptor via apoprotein B-100
Published	01/29/2024	What is the main component of LDLs?{{c1::Cholesterol ester}}
Published	01/29/2024	The enzyme {{c1::LCAT}} may convert cholesterol to cholesterol ester in the blood in the presence of apoprotein {{c2::A}} (found on HDL)
Published	01/29/2024	Cholesterol ester inside of mature HDL may be transferred to VLDL, IDL, or LDL via the enzyme {{c1::cholesterol ester transport protein (CETP)}}
Published	01/29/2024	Which lipoproteins carry the most cholesterol? {{c1::LDL and HDL::2}}
Published	01/29/2024	Which lipoprotein is formed by the degradation of VLDL and delivers TGs and cholesterol to the liver? {{c1::IDL}}
Published	01/29/2024	Which lipoprotein is formed by modification of IDL and delivers hepatic cholesterol to peripheral tissue?{{c1::LDL}}
Published	01/29/2024	Which lipoprotein mediates reverse cholesterol transport from the periphery to the liver? {{c1::HDL}}
Published	01/29/2024	The LDL-containing clathrin-coated pits fuse with {{c1::lysosomes}}, which break down cholesterol ester into cholesterol
Published	01/29/2024	Inside the hepatocyte, cholesterol may be converted to {{c2::cholesterol ester}} via the enzyme {{c3::acyl cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT)}} for st…
Published	01/29/2024	Increased levels of cholesterol inside the hepatocyte leads to {{c2::decreased}} activity of the enzyme {{c1::HMG-CoA reductase}}
Published	01/29/2024	Increased levels of cholesterol inside the hepatocyte leads to {{c2::increased}} activity of the enzyme {{c1::ACAT}}
Published	01/29/2024	Increased levels of cholesterol inside the hepatocyte leads to {{c1::decreased}} LDL-receptor gene expression
Published	01/29/2024	Is scavenger receptor A on macrophages down-regulated by cholesterol?{{c1::No}}
Published	01/29/2024	Macrophages bloated with cholesterol eventually form {{c1::foam}} cells within the subendothelium
Published	01/29/2024	The foam cell from the cholesterol-laden macrophages eventually dies, causing cholesterol to precipitate out, forming a(n) {{c1::atherosclerotic}} pla…
Published	01/29/2024	The precipitated cholesterol in blood vessels may be picked up by {{c1::HDL}} (lipoprotein) and esterified to cholesterol ester
Published	01/29/2024	HDL may directly bring cholesterol back to the liver via the {{c1::scavenger receptor B-1}} receptor (reverse cholesterol transport)
Published	01/29/2024	Cholesterol synthesis begins with {{c1::acetyl CoA}}
Published	01/29/2024	What is the rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol synthesis?{{c1::HMG CoA reductase}}
Published	01/29/2024	HMG CoA reductase is regulated via negative feedback by {{c1::glucagon}} and {{c2::cholesterol}}
Published	01/29/2024	HMG CoA is converted to {{c1::mevalonate}} via the enzyme {{c2::HMG CoA reductase}} (cholesterol synthesis)
Published	01/29/2024	What substance is the primary regulator of membrane fluidity? {{c1::Cholesterol}}
Published	01/29/2024	What substance is the precursor to bile acids, steroids, and vitamin D? {{c1::Cholesterol}}
Published	01/29/2024	Cholelithiasis may arise due to {{c1::increased}} cholesterol or bilirubin in bile
Published	01/29/2024	Risk factors for {{c5::cholesterol}} gallstones may be remembered with the "4 F's": 1. {{c1::Fat}}2. {{c2::Female (estrogen increases activity of HMG-…
Published	01/29/2024	Biliary tract diseases (e.g. PBC, PSC) are associated with {{c1::increased}} serum cholesterol
Published	01/29/2024	Which cellular organelle is responsible for the synthesis of cholesterol and bile acids?{{c1::Peroxisome}}
Published	01/29/2024	Biliary sludge can cause {{c1::biliary colic}} and promote {{c2::cholesterol}} gallstone formation
Published	01/29/2024	Primary biliary cholangitis can prevent biliary elimination of {{c1::cholesterol}}, leading to xanthomas
Published	01/29/2024	Risk factors for {{c1::cholesterol}} gallstones may be remembered with the "4 F's": {{c2::FatFemale (estrogen increases activity of HMG-CoA reductase)…
Published	01/29/2024	Ezetimibe = {{c1::cholesterol absorption inhibitor::drug class}}Cholestyramine, colestipol, and colesevelam = {{c1::bile acid resins::drug class}}
Published	01/29/2024	{{c1::Statins::drug class}} = inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase
Published	01/29/2024	{{c1::Statins::drug class}} = ↑ risk of rhabdomyolysis
Published	01/29/2024	What is the most common dermal manifestation of antiphospholipid syndrome?{{c1::Livedo reticularis}}
Published	01/29/2024	Cholesterol gallstones may be seen in {{c1::pregnant women::demographic}} due to elevated progesterone levels *bonus: why?
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