Notes in PHARM 111-02

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Published	09/15/2023	30ba86c890ef4d7887acd797efe5ab3e-oa-1
Published	09/15/2023	5106d35a459d4fd4aa285425575166ed-oa-1
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Published	09/15/2023	9620280015904a9b8c185d19596daefc-oa-1
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Published	09/15/2023	e2d9f53887b841da8cdf972981029ffb-oa-1
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Published	09/15/2023	The threshold potential is the level of stimulation needed to activate an action potential.If the stimulation {{c1::fails to activate a Na+ curre…
Published	09/15/2023	Electrical signal rapidly propagate through the {{c1::plasma membrane}} within a single cellElectrical signal can propagate from one cell to another c…
Published	09/15/2023	Role of Synapses: Action potentials {{c1::propagate through the rapidly membrane}}Chemical synapses {{c2::allow the signal to jump from one cell …
Published	09/15/2023	Q1: {{c1::Ionotropic receptors}} are {{c2::membrane proteins that open a conduction pathway through the lipid bilayer}} when …
Published	09/15/2023	6852664107f84648a0a24b8c40083969-oa-1
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Published	09/15/2023	The gap between neurons is called the {{c1::synaptic cleft}}
Published	09/15/2023	Q2: {{c1::Receptor Desensitization}} is the {{c2::phenomenon in which a receptor-mediated signaling pathway becomes unresponsive to ago…
Published	09/15/2023	Reasoning for Desensitation:{{c1::Exposing receptors for a long time}} makes them unresponsive to an agonistBecause {{c2::the channels are open all th…
Published	09/15/2023	3bde9a9558d949c795628e1c69eb40f2-oa-1
Published	09/15/2023	If the stimulation {{c1::activates a Na+ current that is larger in magnitude than the total K+ current}}, then {{c2::an AP is triggered&nbsp…
Published	09/17/2023	{{c1::Acetylcholine}} can activate {{c2::both ionotropic and metabotrophic receptors}}
Published	09/20/2023	{{c1::The combination of different subunits}} {{c2::renders nAChR with distinct kinetic, ion permeation selectivity and pharmacology}}
Published	09/19/2023	{{c1::"Glutamate” receptors}} form a family of membrane proteins that {{c2::uses the amino acid glutamate as agonist. }}
Published	09/19/2023	There are four major families of {{c2::ionotropic glutamatergic receptors}}:{{c1::AMPANMDAKainateGlu-δ}}
Published	09/20/2023	Which of these receptors use Glycine or Serine as a co-activator?
Published	09/20/2023	{{c1::Glutamatergic receptors}} are:{{c2::homo and hetertetrameric proteinsclassically regarded as postsynaptic proteins but can be found in presynapt…
Published	09/20/2023	{{c1::Ionotropic glutamate}} receptors are:{{c2::selective for cationsCa2+ permeable glutamate receptors that are critically involved in memory a…
Published	09/19/2023	Glutamatergic Receptor Activation:{{c1::These receptors require at least two ligand molecules (usually glutamate) to activate}}{{c2::Upon binding…
Published	09/19/2023	NMDA Receptor Activity:NMDA receptor activation requires the {{c1::binding of both Glutamate and Glycine (or L-Serine)}}Also, NMDA receptors are const…
Published	09/19/2023	Ligand Activated Chloride Channels{{c1::when activated, allow Cl- to flow in --> leading to more nagative membrane potential}}Two types:{{c2::GABAA…
Published	09/19/2023	Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors form a family of membrane proteins that {{c1::uses the neurotransmitter GABA as agonist. }}There are two…
Published	09/19/2023	Ligand-Activated Chloride Channels{{c1::have a region where the ligand binds}}{{c2::have transmembrane segment which has pathway for ions}}{{c3::can b…
Published	09/19/2023	GABAA Receptors{{c1::structurally closely releated to nAChRpentameric membrane proteins that can form many distinct combinations of subunits}}{{c…
Published	09/19/2023
Published	09/19/2023	How can Cl- currents be "inhibitory"?Cl- currents in Immature Cells{{c1::the concentration of Cl- inside or outside is very similar}}{{c1::Nernst…
Published	09/19/2023	How can Cl- currents be excitatory?Cl- activity In Mature Cells{{c1::There is more Cl- outside than inside because there are PROTEINS in the cell that…
Published	09/19/2023	Example of Inhibition and Excitation based on different stages of life
Published	09/20/2023	Muscarinic and Nicotinic Receptors are both cholinergic receptors. They consist of:In the Pre-synaptic Membrane:{{c1::synaptic vesicle SNARE comp…
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