Notes in Medicine

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Pharmacology

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	10/06/2023	What is the pathological feature of Hashimoto's hypothyroidism?
Published	10/06/2023	What are the features and associations of Hashimoto's?
Published	10/06/2023	A 45-old-woman comes to see you in the GP surgery complaining of foul smelling discharge from her right ear for the past 3 weeks. She also thinks she …
Published	10/06/2023	What is cholesteatoma?
Published	10/06/2023	What are the main features of cholesteatoma?
Published	10/06/2023	What do you see on otoscope with cholesteatoma?
Published	10/06/2023	What characterises Horner's syndrome?
Published	10/06/2023	Which reflexes are lost in sciatic nerve lesions?
Published	10/06/2023	What are the most common causes of actue bacterial otitis media?
Published	10/06/2023	What cancer is associated with Barrett's oesophagus?
Published	10/06/2023	What is grey turner's sign?
Published	10/06/2023	What are the causes of acute pancreatitis?
Published	10/06/2023	What does the presence of Bence-Jones protein in the urine suggest?
Published	10/06/2023	What is the classical microscopic feature of UC?
Published	10/06/2023	What happens to the cells of the oesophagus in Barrett's oesophagus?
Published	10/06/2023	What dermatomes innervate the genitals?
Published	10/06/2023	Which quadrant of the breat are malignancies most commonly found?
Published	10/06/2023	What spinal roots is the phrenic nerve derived from?
Published	10/06/2023	How does diarrhoea from large bowel (colitis) compare to small bowel (enteritis)
Published	10/06/2023	What are the common GI infection pathogens?
Published	10/06/2023	What is EHEC?
Published	10/06/2023	What is EPEC?
Published	10/06/2023	What is ETEC?
Published	10/06/2023	What is EIEC?
Published	10/06/2023	What is ricewater diarrhoea characteristic of?
Published	10/06/2023	What are the important cultures for GI infections?
Published	10/06/2023	What are the important points about giardia lambila GI infections?
Published	10/06/2023	What are all the diabetes complications?
Published	10/06/2023	What is the NYHA HF classification?
Published	10/06/2023	What are the reasons for acute dialysis?
Published	10/06/2023	What is the definition of sepsis?
Published	10/06/2023	Sx of aortic stenosis
Published	10/06/2023	What are the signs of aortic stenosis?
Published	10/06/2023	In clinical examination, how do you determine the severity of a aortic stenosis?
Published	10/06/2023	What is a TAVI?
Published	10/06/2023	What is the best first test to check kidney function?
Published	10/06/2023	What type of gait do you get from alcohol use?
Published	10/06/2023	How do we test the function of the liver?
Published	10/06/2023	What do you give someone for acute alcohol?
Published	10/06/2023	What are the steps of management of COPD
Published	10/06/2023	What is involved in secondary prevention of stroke?
Published	10/06/2023	What is the classic symptom traid of normal pressure hydrocephalus?
Published	10/06/2023	Which are the vitamin K dependent clotting factors?
Published	10/06/2023	What are the reasons for an anion gap?
Published	10/06/2023	A 38 year old gentleman presents with acute abdominal pain. He describes a 12 hour history of colicky pain associated with nausea. He reports that he …
Published	10/06/2023	What is the mechanism of action of ticagrelor?
Published	10/06/2023	What are the features of pancreatic cancer?
Published	10/16/2023	What are 3 features you see on X-ray for osteoarthritis?
Published	10/16/2023	What predisposes to septic arthritis?
Published	10/16/2023	What predisposes to gout?
Published	10/16/2023	Presentation: syncope, nausea, pallor, diaphoresis, hot day, legs collapsedMost likely diagnosis?
Published	10/16/2023	What predisposes to haemarthrosis?
Published	10/16/2023	Presentation: Syncope, sortness of breath (before and after) Likely diagnosis?
Published	10/16/2023	What do gout crystals look like on polarising light microscopy?
Published	10/16/2023	How long is a healthy QT interval ( in relation to the R-R length)
Published	10/16/2023	What is the criteria for rheumatoid arthritis?
Published	10/16/2023	Causes of QT prolongation?
Published	10/16/2023	What are some examples of triggers for autoimmune disease?
Published	10/16/2023	What is the antigen target in coeliac disease?
Published	10/16/2023	what is the antigen target in diabetes?
Published	10/16/2023	what is the antigen target in Graves disease?
Published	10/16/2023	Signs of atrial fibrillation on ECG
Published	10/16/2023	what is the antigen target in SLE?
Published	10/16/2023	what are the important HLA genes in coeliac disease?
Published	10/16/2023	what is the rash associated with coeliac disease?
Published	10/16/2023	Medication used to control rhythm in AF
Published	10/16/2023	What medication is used in AF for rate control
Published	10/16/2023	What is rheumatic fever?
Published	10/16/2023	Treatment of supraventricular tachycardia
Published	10/16/2023	Broad QRS, regular, tachycardic ECG
Published	10/16/2023	Causes of valvular dysfunction
Published	10/16/2023	What is the diagnostic criteria for SLE?
Published	10/16/2023	Are the DIPs or PIPs commonly affected in RA?
Published	10/16/2023	Are the DIPs or PIP commonly affects in OA?
Published	10/16/2023	What anticoagulation is use for a) mechanical valve replacement?b) bioprosthetic valve replacement?
Published	10/16/2023	What is the most common cause of AS?
Published	10/16/2023	What findings on exam are there in aortic stenosis?
Published	10/16/2023	What are the different drugs that can be used in treatment of RA?
Published	10/16/2023	What pathology causes a ejection systolic murmur?
Published	10/16/2023	What features might make you suspect GCA?
Published	10/16/2023	What are the main causes of aortic regurgitation?
Published	10/16/2023	What is the symptom complex of GCA?
Published	10/16/2023	What pathology causes a early diastolic murmur, worse when they lean forward?
Published	10/16/2023	What signs are found on examination in aortic regurgitation?
Published	10/16/2023	What is occurrence of PMR and GCA together?
Published	10/16/2023	What causes mitral regurgitation?
Published	10/16/2023	Why is it important to suspect GCA?
Published	10/16/2023	What pathology causes a pansystolic murmur
Published	10/16/2023	What is the management of GCA?
Published	10/16/2023	What commonly causes mitral stenosis
Published	10/16/2023	What are the ddx of acute monoarthritis?
Published	10/16/2023	What kind of lesion is forehead sparing?
Published	10/16/2023	Main causes of ischaemic stroke
Published	10/16/2023	Main causes of haemorrhagic stroke
Published	10/16/2023	What are the risk factors for cellulitis?
Published	10/16/2023	Where does a large artery thromboembolism causing ischaemic stroke likely originate?
Published	10/16/2023	What is the treatment for secondary stroke prevention?
Published	10/16/2023	How do we interpret Rinne's test?
Published	10/16/2023	How do we interpret Weber's test?
Published	10/16/2023	What is otitits externa?
Published	10/16/2023	What are the common bacteria in otitis externa?
Published	10/16/2023	How does otitis externa commonly present?
Published	10/16/2023	What is a complication of otitis externa?
Published	10/16/2023	What are the possible organisms that cause acute otitis media with perforation?
Published	10/16/2023	What is the management of acute otitis media with perforation?
Published	10/16/2023	In what cases for acute otitis media should we treat with abx?
Published	10/16/2023	What are some causes of otorrhoea (ear discharge)?
Published	10/16/2023	What is chronic suppurative otitis media and there two types?
Published	10/16/2023	What questions should you ask about a breast lump?
Published	10/16/2023	What are the most common causes of breast lumps?
Published	10/16/2023	What are the factors that increase the risk of breast cancer?
Published	10/16/2023	{{c1::Emphysema}} is the process of a {{c2::protease/antiprotease}} imbalance that causes {{c3::bullae}}, and {{c4::centriacinar}} xray patterns
Published	10/16/2023	Non smoking risk factors for COPD
Published	10/16/2023	In COPD, there is activation of {{c1::alveolar macrophages}}, which activate {{c2::CD8 T}} cells and {{c3::neutrophils}}
Published	10/16/2023	Pharmacological smoking cessation options
Published	10/16/2023	Examples of short term β2 agonists
Published	10/16/2023	Examples of LABAs
Published	10/16/2023	Examples of LAMAs
Published	10/16/2023	Empirical antibiotics for iECOPD
Published	10/16/2023	Giving O2 in COPD can cause a rise in pCO2 because of a {{c1::decreased respiratory drive}} as it is based on {{c2::the pO2}}
Published	10/16/2023	Common complications of COPD
Published	10/16/2023	What are causes of ear pain originating from external ear canal and the middle ear?
Published	10/16/2023	What nerve palsy can be associated with acute otitis media?
Published	10/16/2023	Mechanisms of a pleural effusion developing
Published	10/16/2023	What is Ramsay Hunt syndrome?
Published	10/16/2023	Air in the pleural space will present with {{c3::decreased}} breath sounds, {{c1::increased}} percussion and {{c2::decreased}} expansion
Published	10/16/2023	How do you test for BPPV? (bening paroxysmal positional vertigo)
Published	10/16/2023	What is the management of BPPV?
Published	10/16/2023	What is the Romberg test?
Published	10/16/2023	What are the features of Meniere's disease (endolymphatic hydrops)?
Published	10/16/2023	What is involved in the step-wise treatment of Meniere's disease?
Published	10/16/2023	What are important questions to ask if worried about head/neck malignancies?
Published	10/16/2023	What is leukoplakia?
Published	10/16/2023	What is erythroplakia?
Published	10/16/2023	What is the worrying thing about an persistent mouth ulceration?
Published	10/16/2023	What are some causes of hoarseness?
Published	10/16/2023	What is Zenker's diverticulum?
Published	10/16/2023	What are the names of all the nose sinuses?
Published	10/16/2023	Is anterior or posterior epistaxis more common?
Published	10/16/2023	What raises suspicion of a skull base #?
Published	10/16/2023	What are the bacteria causing acute sinusitis vs chronic rhinosinusitis?
Published	10/16/2023	Which of these is not a factors on history used to differentiate between leg claudication and DVT?a. Leg swelling b. Pain character c. Senso…
Published	10/16/2023	What is the mechanism of action of statins?
Published	10/16/2023	What are findings on exam in primary right heart failure?
Published	10/16/2023	What drug leads to relaxation of both venous and arterail vessels?
Published	10/16/2023	What is the function of selective calcium channel blockers such as amlodipine?
Published	10/16/2023	What test is used to monitor heparin activity?
Published	10/16/2023	What is a potential side effect of a SABA?
Published	10/16/2023	What is the most likely treatment for non-severe CAP?
Published	10/16/2023	What does tb show up on microscopy?
Published	10/16/2023	What is a feature of TB on histopathology?
Published	10/16/2023	What is the appropriate management of TB?
Published	10/16/2023	What is the mechanism of action of carbimazole?
Published	10/16/2023	What is the mechanism of action of metformin?
Published	10/16/2023	What kind of antihistamine would likely be prescribed for someone with excessive gastric acid secretion?
Published	10/16/2023	Gram stain of strep pneumoniae
Published	10/16/2023	Sputum of strep pneum pneumonia
Published	10/16/2023	Damage to what nerve causes winged-scapula?
Published	10/16/2023	What causes cough assocaited with ACEi?
Published	10/16/2023	What muscle keeps scapula against wall of thoracic cage? (i.e. deinnervation of this muscle causes winging)
Published	10/16/2023	The term 'Saturday night fracture' (aka boxers fracture) is associated with # of which bone?
Published	10/16/2023	What are expected radiological features of osteosarcoma?
Published	10/16/2023	Risk factors for gout
Published	10/16/2023	What is organism with gram positive diplococci gram stain and aerobic colony growth on HBA, small white colonies with clear haemolysis,as well as cata…
Published	10/16/2023	Renal transplant rejection after 7-14 days is most likely due to...
Published	10/16/2023	What are the common immunotherapy toxicities
Published	10/16/2023	Definitive management of a spinal cord compression
Published	10/16/2023	Treatment for febrile neutropenia
Published	10/16/2023	Causes of thrombocytopenia in a patient with malignancy
Published	10/16/2023	What are the clinical signs of cardiac tamponade
Published	10/16/2023	Clinical signs / symptoms of SVC
Published	10/16/2023	What are the types of generalised seizures
Published	10/16/2023	What can seizures be caused by in adulthood
Published	10/16/2023	{{c1::Childhood absence}} epilepsy syndrome occurs before the age of {{c2::12,}} predominantly in {{c3::females}}, with many {{c4::absence seizures}} …
Published	10/16/2023	{{c1::Juvenile absence}} epilepsy syndrome occurs at ages {{c2::9-13}}, involving {{c3::infrequent absence}} seizures often {{c4::upon waking}}.
Published	10/16/2023	{{c1::Juvenile myoclonic}} epilepsy syndrome is triggered by {{c2::waking, sleep deprivation, alcohol and lights}} and requires treatment {{c3::for li…
Published	10/16/2023	Seizure typeSigns: Arms stiff at signs, eyes open, alternating with jerking movements
Published	10/16/2023	Which seizure types have a post ictal?
Published	10/16/2023	How does an absence seizure present
Published	10/16/2023	What are the acute complications of a seizure?
Published	10/16/2023	What are the main causes of ischaemic stroke?
Published	10/16/2023	What are the subtypes of haemorrhagic stroke?
Published	10/16/2023	What is the treatment for secondary stroke prevention
New Card	10/17/2023	What are some risk factors for PE/VTE?
New Card	10/17/2023	A patient presents with facial nerve palsy. What pattern of paralysis would suggest an UMN lesion of the right-hand side cortex?
New Card	10/17/2023	In a patient with acute hepatitis B, which of the following would be the first indication of infection?a. Anti-HBcb. Clinical symptoms such as fever, …
New Card	10/17/2023	When interpreting hep B serology results, the term "window period" refers to the time between which two parameters?
New Card	10/17/2023	In chronic hep B virus infection, presence of HBeAg signifies which of the following?
New Card	10/17/2023
New Card	10/17/2023	What is a positive Kernig's sign?
New Card	10/17/2023	What gut pathogen causes pseudomembranous colitis?
New Card	10/17/2023	What gut pathogen can cause the formation of microthrombi in the arterioles and capillaries, leading to thrombocytopenia haemolytc anaemia and AKI?
New Card	10/17/2023	What are the microscopic features of coeliac disease?
New Card	10/17/2023	What are the symptoms / clinical signs of chronic liver disease
New Card	10/17/2023	LFT pattern of hepatocellular injury
New Card	10/17/2023	Very high ALT is suggestive of:
New Card	10/17/2023	LFT pattern of obstruction
New Card	10/17/2023	Mixed LFT picture is seen in {{c1::alcoholic, fatty liver disease}}
New Card	10/17/2023	{{c1::Leuconychia}} in nails is indicative of {{c2::hypoalbuminaemia}}
New Card	10/17/2023	What does the Child-Pugh stage take into account
Status	Last Update	Fields