Notes in 35 Endocrine

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Published	12/13/2023	Hypothyroidism can present with {{c2::hypertension}} due to increased {{c1::systemic vascular resistance (SVR)}}
Published	12/13/2023	What pancreatic hormone has increased release with stress?{{c1::Glucagon}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Diabetic}} patients are prone to {{c1::silent}} myocardial infarctions due to autonomic denervation.
Published	12/13/2023	Patients with adrenocortical insufficiency should receive steroid supplementation if they have been on {{c1::20}} mg of {{c1::hydrocortisone}} for mor…
Published	12/13/2023	Use of exogenous steroids pre-operatively may cause {{c2::refractory hypotension}} intraoperatively
Published	12/13/2023	Droperidol and metoclopramide can induce rapid {{c2::hyperprolactinemia}}, especially in patients being treated with assisted reproductive techniques.…
Published	12/13/2023	In a {{c1::negative}} feedback loop, a hormone decreases its own release.
Published	12/13/2023	In a {{c1::positive}} feedback loop, a hormone increases its own release.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c2::pituitary}} gland lies in the {{c1::sella turcica}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What is the effect of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in both sexes?{{c1::Germ cell maturation}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the effect of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in females only?{{c1::Ovarian follicle growth}}
Published	12/13/2023	When does hypersecretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) occur?{{c1::Early puberty}}
Published	12/13/2023	What conditions are associated with hyposecretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?{{c1::Infertility}}
Published	12/13/2023	When does hypersecretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) occur?{{c1::Early puberty}}
Published	12/13/2023	What conditions are associated with hyposecretion of luteinizing hormone (LH)?{{c1::Infertility}}
Published	12/13/2023	What hormone stimulates release of adrenal hormones?{{c1::Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Cushing's}} disease is due to excess secretion of {{c1::ACTH}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What hormone causes release of thyroid hormone?{{c1::Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)}}
Published	12/13/2023	What hormone stimulates milk production and lactation?{{c1::Prolactin}}
Published	12/13/2023	What condition is caused by hypersecretion of prolactin?{{c1::Infertility}}
Published	12/13/2023	What condition is caused by hyposecretion of prolactin?{{c1::Menstrual dysfunction}}
Published	12/13/2023	What condition is caused by hyposecretion of growth hormone?{{c1::Dwarfism}}
Published	12/13/2023	What condition is caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone?{{c1::Acromegaly::adults}}{{c2::Gigantism::children}}
Published	12/13/2023	What condition is caused by hyposecretion of ACTH?{{c1::Addison's disease}}
Published	12/13/2023	What condition is caused by hyposecretion of TSH?{{c1::hypothyroidism}}
Published	12/13/2023	What condition is caused by hypersecretion of TSH?{{c1::Hyperthyroidism}}
Published	12/13/2023	What condition is caused by hyposecretion of ADH?{{c1::Diabetes insipidus}}
Published	12/13/2023	What condition is caused by hyposecretion of oxytocin?{{c1::Uterine atony}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::T3 (triiodothyronine)}} regulates {{c1::TRH}} release via a negative-feedback loop.
Published	12/13/2023	How does T3 affect secretion of TRH from the hypothalamus?{{c1::inhibits secretion}}
Published	12/13/2023	What hormones inhibit LHRH release from the hypothalamus? {{c1::Testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone::3}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does testosterone affect secretion of LHRH from the hypothalamus?{{c1::Inhibits}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does estrogen affect secretion of LHRH from the hypothalamus?{{c1::Inhibits}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does progesterone affect secretion of LHRH from the hypothalamus?{{c1::Inhibits}}
Published	12/13/2023	What hormones inhibit GHRH and GHIH release from the hypothalamus? {{c1::Growth hormone and insulin growth factor-1::2}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does growth hormone affect secretion of GHRH and GHIH from the hypothalamus?{{c1::Inhibits}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does insulin growth factor-1 affect secretion of GHRH and GHIH from the hypothalamus?{{c1::Inhibits}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does oxytocin affect secretion of oxytocin from the hypothalamus?{{c1::Increases (positive feedback loop)}}
Published	12/13/2023	What neurotransmitter has an inhibitory affect on prolactin release?{{c1::Dopamine}}
Published	12/13/2023	What effect does dopamine have on prolactin release?{{c1::Decreased release (inhibits)}}
Published	12/13/2023	What drugs can cause hyperprolactinemia?{{c1::Dopamine antagonists}}
Published	12/13/2023	The most common cause of SIADH is {{c1::traumatic brain injury}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What is the urinary sodium in patients with diabetes insipidus?{{c1::Normal}}
Published	12/13/2023	Nasal intubation in patients with acromegaly may cause {{c1::epistaxis}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Patients with acromegaly often develop {{c1::entrapment}} neuropathies.
Published	12/13/2023	What structure joins the left and the right lobe of the thyroid gland?{{c1::Thyroid isthmus}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does the thyroid gland lie relative to the trachea?{{c1::Anterior}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does the thyroid gland lie relative to the cricoid cartilage?{{c1::Inferior}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does the thyroid gland lie relative to the suprasternal notch?{{c1::Superior}}
Published	12/13/2023	What are the three hormones stored and secreted by the thyroid gland?{{c1::T3, T4, and Calcitonin}}
Published	12/13/2023	Which thyroid hormone (T3 or T4) has a longer half life?{{c1::T4}}
Published	12/13/2023	Which thyroid hormone (T3 or T4) has a more protein binding?{{c1::T4}}
Published	12/13/2023	Patients with elevated TSH (e.g. hypothyroidism) may present with {{c1::goiter}} due to overproduction of {{c2::thyroglobulin colloid}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What action of TSH requires iodine?{{c1::Production of T3/T4}}
Published	12/13/2023	What action of TSH does not require iodine?{{c1::Production of thyroglobulin colloid}}
Published	12/13/2023	TSH works by stimulating the {{c1::iodide}} pump.
Published	12/13/2023	What substrate (ion) is required for the synthesis of T3 and T4?{{c1::Iodine}}
Published	12/13/2023	Do thyroid hormones cause vasodilation or vasoconnstriction?{{c1::Vasodilation}}
Published	12/13/2023	Thyroid hormones decrease the number of cardiac {{c1::muscarinic}} receptors.
Published	12/13/2023	How does increased BMR affect CO2 production?{{c1::Increased}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does hypothyroidism affect the MAC?{{c1::No effect }}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the GI effect seen with excess thyroid hormone?{{c1::Diarrhea (intestinal hypermotility)}}
Published	12/13/2023	Hyperthyroidism may manifest as skeletal muscle {{c1::weakness}} due to protein catabolism.
Published	12/13/2023	Thyroid hormones {{c1::increase}} neuronal synapse sensitivity, leading to {{c2::tremors}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What thyroid abnormality may be caused by myasthenia gravis?{{c1::Hyperthyroidism}}
Published	12/13/2023	What thyroid abnormality may be caused by pituitary adenoma?{{c1::Hyperthyroidism}}
Published	12/13/2023	What thyroid abnormality may be caused by hypothalamic / pituitary dysfunction?{{c1::Hypothyroidism}}
Published	12/13/2023	What thyroid abnormality may be caused by radiation to the head and neck?{{c1::Hypothyroidism}}
Published	12/13/2023	What thyroid abnormality may be caused by thyroidectomy?{{c1::Hypothyroidism}}
Published	12/13/2023	Which thyroid imbalance presents with a large tongue?{{c1::Hypothyroidism}}
Published	12/13/2023	Which thyroid imbalance presents with exophthalmos (Grave's disease)?{{c1::Hyperthyroidism}}
Published	12/13/2023	When does thyroid storm typically present after surgery?{{c1::6-18 hours}}
Published	12/13/2023	A {{c2::myxedema}} coma is a consequence of end-stage {{c1::hypothyroidism}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What β-blocker decreases peripheral conversion of T4 → T3?{{c1::Propranolol}}
Published	12/13/2023	When should potassium iodide be started before surgery (for hyperthyroidism)?{{c1::10 days}}
Published	12/13/2023	When should thionamides (e.g. propylthiouracil, methimazole) be started before surgery (for hyperthyroidism)?{{c1::6-7 weeks}}
Published	12/13/2023	Radioactive iodine (I131) cannot be administered to women who are {{c1::pregnant or breastfeeding}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What is the effect of thyroid surgery on serum Ca2+ levels?{{c1::Decreased (hypocalcemia)}}
Published	12/13/2023	What intubation technique is indicated for patients with goiter?{{c1::Awake}}
Published	12/13/2023	What drugs should be avoided in patients with hyperthyroidism?Drugs that increase the {{c1::heart rate}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does thiopental affect circulating thyroid hormones?{{c1::Decreases peripheral conversion of T4 → T3}}
Published	12/13/2023	What analgesic medication can increase the free fraction of T4?{{c1::Aspirin}}
Published	12/13/2023	What type of endotracheal tube allows for intraoperative assessment of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?{{c1::NIM tube}}
Published	12/13/2023	Which calcium preparation contains more elemental calcium?{{c1::Calcium chloride}}
Published	12/13/2023	What effect does levothyroxine have on TSH levels?{{c1::Decreased}}
Published	12/13/2023	What effect does levothyroxine have on urine production?{{c1::Natriuresis}}
Published	12/13/2023	Which thyroid imbalance increases aspiration risk?{{c1::Hypothyroidism}}
Published	12/13/2023	Which thyroid imbalance can cause cardiovascular collapse?{{c1::Hypothyroidism}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does hypothyroidism affect the speed of inhalational induction?{{c1::Increases}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the treatment for hypotension that is unresponsive to catecholamines?{{c1::Corticosteroids}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does hypothyroidism affect hepatic metabolism and renal excretion?{{c1::Delayed (slowed)}}
Published	12/13/2023	Hypothyroidism may {{c1::increase}} patient sensitivity to paralytics.
Published	12/13/2023	What is the fluid of choice for intraoperative management of hypothyroidism?{{c1::D5NS}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does decreased ACTH affect aldosterone?{{c1::No change}}
Published	12/13/2023	Aldosterone causes {{c1::expansion}} of the extracellular space.
Published	12/13/2023	Aldosterone causes {{c1::hypo}}-kalemia.
Published	12/13/2023	Aldosterone causes {{c1::alkalosis::acidosis/alkalosis}}
Published	12/13/2023	Aldosterone causes {{c1::hyper}}-natremia.
Published	12/13/2023	What receptors does cortisol bind to?{{c1::Intracellular receptors }}
Published	12/13/2023	What is a normal daily cortisol production?{{c1::15-30 mg/day}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is a normal serum cortisol?{{c1::12 mcg/dL}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does cortisol affect WBCs?{{c1::Decreased eosinophils}}{{c2::Decreased lymphocytes}}
Published	12/13/2023	Does cortisol reduce histamine release during allergic reactions?{{c1::No}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Epinephrine}} stabilizes mast cells and basophils by acting on the {{c1::β2}} receptor.
Published	12/13/2023	Is cortisol anti- or pro-inflammatory?{{c1::Anti-inflammatory}}
Published	12/13/2023	Cortisol (glucocorticoids) up-regulates {{c1::β1}} receptors on myocardium, increasing their sensitivity to {{c2::catech…
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::glucocorticoid}} effect of a steroid is the intrinsic {{c2::anti-inflammatory}} effect.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::mineralocorticoid}} effect of a steroid is the intrinsic {{c2::sodium-retention}} effect.
Published	12/13/2023	Which endogenous steroid has the greatest mineralocorticoid effect?{{c1::Aldosterone}}
Published	12/13/2023	Which synthetic steroid has the greatest mineralocorticoid effect?{{c1::Fludrocortisone}}
Published	12/13/2023	Which steroids do not demonstrate any glucocorticoid effects?{{c1::Aldosterone}}
Published	12/13/2023	Which steroids do not demonstrate any mineralocorticoid effects?{{c1::Dexamethasone, betamethasone, and triamcinolone::3}}
Published	12/13/2023	Dexamethasone has only {{c1::glucocorticoid}} effects.
Published	12/13/2023	Betamethasone has only {{c1::glucocorticoid}} effects.
Published	12/13/2023	Fludrocortisone has only {{c1::glucocorticoid}} effects.
Published	12/13/2023	Fludrocortisone has predominantly {{c1::mineralocorticoid}} effects.
Published	12/13/2023	Most synthetic steroids have predominantly {{c1::glucocorticoid}} effects.
Published	12/13/2023	Which steroids have equivalent glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid effects?{{c1::Cortisone, cortisol::2}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the steroid of choice for treatment of Addison's disease?{{c1::Prednisone (analog of cortisol)}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Triamcinolone::steroid}} can be administered {{c2::epidurally}} to treat lumbar disc disease.
Published	12/13/2023	What steroid has the highest incidence of skeletal muscle weakness?{{c1::Triamcinolone}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the GI effect of triamcinolone?{{c1::Anorexia}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the CNS effect of triamcinolone?{{c1::sedation}}
Published	12/13/2023	Which steroids have the most potent glucocorticoid effects?{{c1::Dexamethasone and betamethasone::2}}
Published	12/13/2023	Which steroids have the longest duration of action (glucocorticoid + mineralocorticoid)?{{c1::Dexamethasone and betamethasone::2}}
Published	12/13/2023	Conn's syndrome is treated via {{c1::potassium}} supplementation.
Published	12/13/2023	Conn's syndrome is treated via {{c1::sodium}} restriction.
Published	12/13/2023	Does hyper-ventilation or hypo-ventilation worsen hypokalemia?{{c1::Hyperventilation}}
Published	12/13/2023	What steroidal effects are responsible for hyperglycemia?{{c1::Glucocorticoids}}
Published	12/13/2023	What steroidal effects are responsible for weight gain? (i.e. glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, androgenic){{c1::Glucocorticoids}}
Published	12/13/2023	What steroidal effects are responsible for infections? (i.e. glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, androgenic){{c1::Glucocorticoids}}
Published	12/13/2023	What steroidal effects are responsible for osteoporosis? (i.e. glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, androgenic){{c1::Glucocorticoids}}
Published	12/13/2023	What steroidal effects are responsible for muscle weakness? (i.e. glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, androgenic){{c1::Glucocorticoids}}
Published	12/13/2023	What steroidal effects are responsible for mood disorders? (i.e. glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, androgenic){{c1::Glucocorticoids}}
Published	12/13/2023	What steroidal effects are responsible for hypertension? (i.e. glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, androgenic){{c1::Mineralocorticoids}}
Published	12/13/2023	What steroidal effects are responsible for hypokalemia? (i.e. glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, androgenic){{c1::Mineralocorticoids}}
Published	12/13/2023	What steroidal effects are responsible for metabolic alkalosis? (i.e. glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, androgenic){{c1::Mineralocorticoids}}
Published	12/13/2023	What steroidal effects are responsible for androgenic effects? (i.e. glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, androgenic){{c1::Androgen}}
Published	12/13/2023	Resection of the pituitary gland may cause a transient diabetes {{c1::insipidus}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Patients undergoing removal of a pituitary adenoma may require post-op {{c1::steroid}} supplementation.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Adrenal insufficiency}} is characterized by destruction of all cortical zones.
Published	12/13/2023	What effect does adrenal insufficiency have on sodium levels?{{c1::Hyponatremia (decreased)}}
Published	12/13/2023	What effect does adrenal insufficiency have on potassium levels?{{c1::Hyperkalemia (increased)}}
Published	12/13/2023	What effect does adrenal crisis have on temperature?{{c1::Increased (fever)}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the steroid replacement therapy for acute adrenal crisis?{{c1::Hydrocortisone 100 mg + 100-200 mg qd}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the fluid of choice for acute adrenal crisis?{{c1::D5NS}}
Published	12/13/2023	In the pancreas, {{c1::exocrine}} hormones are produced by {{c2::acinar cells}}.
Published	12/13/2023	In the pancreas, {{c1::endocrine}} hormones are produced by {{c2::islets of Langerhans}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The elimination half-life of insulin is {{c1::5}} minutes.
Published	12/13/2023	How do β-agonists affect serum glucose?{{c1::Increased}}
Published	12/13/2023	How do β-antagonists affect serum glucose?{{c1::Decreased}}
Published	12/13/2023	How do volatile anesthetics affect serum glucose?{{c1::Decreased}}
Published	12/13/2023	The alpha and beta subunits of the insulin receptor are joined by {{c1::disulfide}} bonds.
Published	12/13/2023	The beta-subunit of the insulin receptor activates {{c2::tyrosine kinase}} → activates {{c1::insulin receptor substrates}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The insulin cascade increases expression of the {{c1::GLUT4}} transporter.
Published	12/13/2023	What pancreatic hormone can be used to increase myocardial performance?{{c1::Glucagon (1-5 mg IV)}}
Published	12/13/2023	What pancreatic hormone can be used to relax the biliary sphincter?{{c1::Glucagon}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the primary side effect of glucagon?{{c1::Nausea and vomiting}}
Published	12/13/2023	Glucagon release is stimulated by a {{c1::low}} glucose level.
Published	12/13/2023	Glucagon release is inhibited by a {{c1::high}} glucose level.
Published	12/13/2023	Somatostatin {{c2::decreases}} {{c1::splanchic}} blood flow.
Published	12/13/2023	How does somatostatin affect gastric motility?{{c1::Decreased}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does pancreatic polypeptide (PP) affect gastric motility?{{c1::Decreased}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does pancreatic polypeptide (PP) affect pancreatic function?{{c1::Inhibits exocrine secretion}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the classic triad of diabetes mellitus?{{c1::Polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the typical body habitus of a patient with type 1 DM?{{c1::Thin, wasting}}
Published	12/13/2023	What are insulin levels in type 1 DM?{{c1::Low-absent}}
Published	12/13/2023	What are glucagon levels in type 1 DM?{{c1::High, but can be suppressed}}
Published	12/13/2023	What are glucagon levels in type 2 DM?{{c1::High, and cannot be suppressed}}
Published	12/13/2023	What are insulin levels in type 2 DM?{{c1::normal-high}}
Published	12/13/2023	Which complication of uncontrolled DM (type 1 or 2) is associated with greater elevations in glucose and osmolarity?{{c1:: Hyperglycemi…
Published	12/13/2023	What acid-base disorder is associated with hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state?{{c1::Non-gap metabolic acidosis}}
Published	12/13/2023	What complication of diabetes mellitus is caused by microvascular damage to the kidneys?{{c1::Nephropathy}}
Published	12/13/2023	Patients with diabetes mellitus are relatively {{c1::sensitive}} to anesthetics.
Published	12/13/2023	What is the pattern of peripoheral neuropathy in patients with diabetes?{{c1::"Stocking and glove"}}
Published	12/13/2023	What component of lactated ringers may worsen hyperglycemia?{{c1::Lactate}}
Published	12/13/2023	Do biguanides (e.g. metformin) cause hypoglycemia?{{c1::No}}
Published	12/13/2023	What class of oral hypoglycemic agents may increase cardiac morbidity?{{c1::Sulfonylureas}}
Published	12/13/2023	Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (e.g. acarbose, miglitol) slow the absorption of {{c1::carbohydrates}} from the GI tract.
Published	12/13/2023	Do thiazolidinediones cause hypoglycemia?{{c1::No}}
Published	12/13/2023	Do alpha-glucosidase inhibitors cause hypoglycemia?{{c1::No}}
Published	12/13/2023	Do amylin agonists cause hypoglycemia?{{c1::Yes (in conjunction with insulin)}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does parasympathetic stimulation affect insulin secretion?{{c1::Increased}}
Published	12/13/2023	Degludec insulin is characterized by {{c1::ultra-long}} action and duration.
Published	12/13/2023	One side effect of insulin is {{c1::hypoglycemia}}, especially if administered when fasting.
Published	12/13/2023	What are the signs/symptoms of hypoglycemia?{{c1::Tachycardia, hypertension, diaphoresis::3}}
Published	12/13/2023	What organ cannot undergo fatty acid metabolism during hypoglycemia?{{c1::Brain}}
Published	12/13/2023	What insulin may sensitize a patient to protamine allergy?{{c1::NPH}}
Published	12/13/2023	Insulin therapy may cause {{c1::lipodystrophy}}, especailly at the site of injection.
Published	12/13/2023	Insulin resistance occurs due to formation of {{c1::antibodies}} or down-regulation of receptors.
Published	12/13/2023	How does estrogen affect glucose levels?{{c1::Increased}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does ACTH affect glucose levels?{{c1::Increased}}
Published	12/13/2023	How do MAO inhibitors affect glucose levels?{{c1::Decreased (via potentiation of insulin)}}
Published	12/13/2023	How do salicylates affect glucose levels?{{c1::Decreased (via potentiation of insulin)}}
Published	12/13/2023	How do tetracycline affect glucose levels?{{c1::Decreased (via potentiation of insulin)}}
Published	12/13/2023	What antibiotic can potentiate the hypoglycemic effects of insulin?{{c1::Tetracycline}}
Published	12/13/2023	What analgesics can potentiate the hypoglycemic effects of insulin?{{c1::Salicylates (aspirin)}}
Published	12/13/2023	What antidepressants can potentiate the hypoglycemic effects of insulin?{{c1::MAO inhibitors}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Carcinoid}} syndrome is caused by secretion of vasoactive substances from {{c1::enterochromaffin}} cells.
Published	12/13/2023	What paralytic should be avoided in carcinoid syndrome?{{c1::Succinylcholine}}
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