Notes in ✧ Enzymes

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Published	01/14/2024	If ΔG for a reaction is {{c1::less}} than zero, the reaction happens spontaneously
Published	01/14/2024	If ΔG for a reaction is {{c1::greater}} than zero, energy must be added for the reaction to occur
Published	01/14/2024	Enzymes exert their effects by decreasing the energy of {{c1::activation}}
Published	01/14/2024	The rate of a reaction depends on the concentration of both the {{c1::enzyme}} and the {{c1::substrate}}
Published	01/14/2024	The Michaelis-Mentin constant, Km is defined as the {{c1::substrate}} concentration at which rate is equal to {{c1::Vmax/2}}
Published	01/14/2024	The Michaelis-Mentin constant, Km is {{c1::inversely}} proportional to the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate
Published	01/14/2024	The Vmax of a reaction is {{c1::directly}} proportional to enzyme concentration
Published	01/14/2024	In {{c1::first}} order kinetics, the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the substrate (drug) concentration
Published	01/14/2024	In {{c1::zero}} order kinetics, the rate of reaction is constant
Published	01/14/2024	If the amount of enzymes doubles, the Vmax {{c1::doubles}}, while Km {{c1::remains constant}}
Published	01/14/2024	The {{c1::X}}-intercept of a lineweaver-burke plot represents -1/Km
Published	01/14/2024	The {{c1::Y}}-intercept of a lineweaver-burke plot represents 1/Vmax
Published	01/14/2024	If the Y-intercept increases on a lineweaver-burke plot, the Vmax has {{c1::decreased}}
Published	01/14/2024	When using a(n) {{c1::reversible competitive}} inhibitor, the {{c2::Km}} changes, while the {{c2::Vmax}} remains the same
Published	01/14/2024	When using a(n) {{c1::noncompetitive}} inhibitor, the {{c2::Vmax}} changes, while the {{c2::Km}} remains the same
Published	01/14/2024	When using an irreversible competitive inhibitor, the {{c1::Vmax}} changes, while the {{c1::Km}} remains the same
Published	01/14/2024	Do reversible competitive inhibitors resemble the substrate?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	01/14/2024	Do irreversible competitive inhibitors resemble the substrate?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	01/14/2024	Do noncompetitive inhibitors resemble the substrate?{{c1::No}}
Published	01/14/2024	Can reversible competitive inhibitors be overcome by increasing the substrate concentration, [S]?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	01/14/2024	Can irreversible competitive inhibitors be overcome by increasing the substrate concentration, [S]?{{c1::No}}
Published	01/14/2024	Can noncompetitive inhibitors be overcome by increasing the substrate concentration, [S]?{{c1::No}}
Published	01/14/2024	Do reversible competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of the enzyme?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	01/14/2024	Do irreversible competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of the enzyme?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	01/14/2024	Do noncompetitive inhibitors bind to the active site of the enzyme?{{c1::No}}
Published	01/14/2024	While most enzymatic reactions follow a hyperbolic curve (Michaelis-Menten kinetics), {{c2::allosteric}} kinetics follow a(n) {{c1::sigmoidal}} curve
Published	01/14/2024	Downstream effects of glucagon cause protein {{c1::phosphorylation::phosphorylation/dephosphorylation}}
Published	01/14/2024	Downstream effects of insulin cause protein {{c1::dephosphorylation::phosphorylation/dephosphorylation}}
Published	01/14/2024	Phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase causes enzyme {{c1::activation::activation/inactivation}}
Published	01/14/2024	Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase causes enzyme {{c1::inactivation::activation/inactivation}}
Published	01/14/2024	Dephosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase causes enzyme {{c1::inactivation::activation/inactivation}}
Published	01/14/2024	Dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase causes enzyme {{c1::activation::activation/inactivation}}
Published	01/14/2024	What is the only metabolic pathway for generating ATP, anaerobically? {{c1::Glycolysis}}
Published	01/14/2024	Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?{{c1::Cytoplasm}}
Published	01/14/2024	What is the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis?{{c1::Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)}}
Published	01/14/2024	{{c1::Glucose-6-phosphate}} is converted to {{c2::fructose-6-phosphate}} via the enzyme isomerase
Published	01/14/2024	{{c1::Fructose-6-phosphate}} is converted to {{c2::fructose-1,6-bisphosphate}} via the enzyme {{c3::phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)}}
Published	01/14/2024	Phosphofructokinase-1 is regulated via negative feedback by {{c1::ATP}} and {{c2::citrate}}
Published	01/14/2024	Phosphofructosekinase-1 is regulated via positive feedback by {{c1::AMP}} and {{c2::fructose-2,6-bisphospate}}
Published	01/14/2024	{{c1::Fructose-6-phosphate}} is converted to {{c2::fructose-2,6-bisphosphate}} via the enzyme {{c3::phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK-2)}}
Published	01/14/2024	Which organs contains the enzyme phosphofructokinase-2?{{c1::Liver, Kidney, Heart::3}}
Published	01/14/2024	Phosphofructokinase-2 is regulated via positive feedback by {{c1::insulin}}
Published	01/14/2024	Phosphofructokinase-2 is regulated via negative feedback by {{c1::glucagon}}
Published	01/14/2024	Which steps of glycolysis require ATP? {{c1::::2}}
Published	01/14/2024	Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is converted into {{c1::glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate}} and dihydroxyacetone-phosphate via the enzyme aldolase
Published	01/14/2024	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is converted into {{c1::1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG)}} via the enzyme glyceraldehyde-3P-dehydrogenase (glycolysis)
Published	01/14/2024	Conversion of glyceraldehyde-3P into 1,3-BPG (glycolysis) produces a molecule of {{c1::NADH}}
Published	01/14/2024	1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is converted into {{c1::3-phosphoglycerate}} via the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase
Published	01/14/2024	Conversion of 1,3-BPG into 3-phosphoglycerate (glycolysis) produces a molecule of {{c1::ATP}}
Published	01/14/2024	3-phosphoglycerate is converted into {{c1::2-phosphoglycerate}} via the enzyme mutase
Published	01/14/2024	2-phosphoglycerate is converted into {{c1::phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)}} via the enzyme enolase
Published	01/14/2024	{{c1::Phosphoenolpyruvate}} is converted into {{c2::pyruvate}} via the enzyme {{c3::pyruvate kinase}}
Published	01/14/2024	Conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate into pyruvate (glycolysis) produces a molecule of {{c1::ATP}}
Published	01/14/2024	Pyruvate kinase is regulated via negative feedback by {{c1::ATP}} and {{c2::alanine}}
Published	01/14/2024	Pyruvate kinase is regulated via positive feedback by {{c1::fructose-1,6-bisphosphate}} (glycolysis)
Published	01/14/2024	Which steps of glycolysis produce ATP? {{c1::::2}}
Published	01/14/2024	Which glycolysis enzyme deficiency is the second most common cause of hemolytic anemia? {{c1::Pyruvate kinase deficiency}}
Published	01/14/2024	Pyruvate kinase deficiency presents with {{c1::increased}} levels of 2,3-BPG
Published	01/14/2024	Pyruvate kinase deficiency presents as hemolytic anemia {{c1::without::with or without}} Heinz bodies
Published	01/14/2024	In red blood cells, lack of ATP impairs membrane integrity due to lack of cation transport, causing a(n) {{c1::extravascular hemolytic}} anemia
Published	01/14/2024	What is the function of Nicotinamide (B3) co-enzyme?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the active form of Thiamin (B1)?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the function of Riboflavin (B2) co-enzyme?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the function of Pantothenic acid (B5) co-enzyme?
Published	01/14/2024	What is an enzyme?
Published	01/14/2024	How do enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions?
Published	01/14/2024	Are enzymes specific for the reaction they catalyze?
Published	01/14/2024	Do enzymes have greater catalytic power than other catalysts?
Published	01/14/2024	What is an apoenzyme?
Published	01/14/2024	What is a prosthetic group?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the structural feature common in many co-enzymes?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the function of co-enzymes?
Published	01/14/2024	What is a co-enzyme?
Published	01/14/2024	What are isoenzymes?
Published	01/14/2024	What are proenzymes?
Published	01/14/2024	What are the major groups of enzymes?
Published	01/14/2024	What factors affect the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the Michaelis-Menten equation?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the Hill equation?
Published	01/14/2024	What is enzyme inhibition?
Published	01/14/2024	What are some common enzymes used in clinical diagnosis?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the function of B6 vitamin?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the function of B7 vitamin?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the function of B9 vitamin?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the function of Folate in the body?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the function of B12 Cobalamin in the body?
Published	01/14/2024	What are cofactors?
Published	01/14/2024	What are isozymes?
Published	01/14/2024	What are proenzymes?
Published	01/14/2024	What is an example of an enzyme that catalyzes only a single set of reaction?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the intermediate complex formed between enzyme and substrate during enzyme catalysis?
Published	01/14/2024	What are the two models of interaction between enzyme and substrate?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the active site of an enzyme?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the effect of raising the temperature on the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the temperature range over which enzymes from humans generally exhibit stability?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the Q10 or temperature coefficient?
Published	01/14/2024	For the temperatures over which enzymes are stable, what happens to the rates of most biological processes for a 10°C rise in temperature?
Published	01/14/2024	At what pH values do most intracellular enzymes exhibit optimal activity?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the function of oxidoreductase enzymes?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the function of transferase enzymes?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the function of ligase enzymes?
Published	01/14/2024	What are NAD, NADP, and FAD?
Published	01/14/2024	What are some examples of enzymes that act as hydrogen acceptors?
Published	01/14/2024	What are some examples of groups that transferase enzymes can transfer?
Published	01/14/2024	What type of reactions do hydrolase enzymes catalyze?
Published	01/14/2024	What are some examples of bonds that hydrolase enzymes can cleave?
Published	01/14/2024	What type of reactions do lyase enzymes catalyze?
Published	01/14/2024	What are some examples of enzymes that act as lyases?
Published	01/14/2024	What type of reactions do isomerase enzymes catalyze?
Published	01/14/2024	What are some examples of enzymes that act as isomerases?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the effect of gain or loss of critical charged groups on substrate binding?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the most common charged group involved in substrate binding?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens to enzyme activity as substrate concentration is increased?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the shape of the curve that relates enzyme activity to substrate concentration?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the maximum value that enzyme activity can reach?
Published	01/14/2024	What is it called when the enzyme is no longer able to increase its activity with further increases in substrate concentration?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens to the number of ES complexes when substrate concentration is increased at points A or B in Figure 8-5?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens to the rate of the reaction when substrate concentration is increased at point C in Figure 8-5?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the Michaelis-Menten equation used for?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the Michaelis constant (Km)?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens to the term Km + [S] when [S] is much less than Km?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens to the initial reaction velocity when [S] is considerably below Km?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens to the reaction velocity when [S] greatly exceeds Km?
Published	01/14/2024	What happens when [S] = Km?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the definition of Vmax?
Published	01/14/2024	How does a decreased Km affect the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate?
Published	01/14/2024	What does the Hill Equation describe?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the shape of the curve that relates changes in [S] to changes in Vi to for enzymes that display positive cooperativity in binding substrate?
Published	01/14/2024	What equation do enzymologists use to describe the cooperative binding of O2 by hemoglobin?
Published	01/14/2024	What are the two classes of inhibitors based on whether raising the substrate concentration does or does not overcome the inhibition?
Published	01/14/2024	What is competitive inhibition?
Published	01/14/2024	How can the effects of competitive inhibitors be overcome?
Published	01/14/2024	What do most classic competitive inhibitors resemble?
Published	01/14/2024	What is an example of competitive inhibition by a substrate analog?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the mechanism of action of a competitive inhibitor?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the effect of a competitive inhibitor on the concentration of the EI and ES complexes?
Published	01/14/2024	How does increasing [S] affect the concentration of the EI complex and the reaction velocity in competitive inhibition?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the mechanism of action of simple non-competitive inhibitors?
Published	01/14/2024	Where do non-competitive inhibitors bind enzymes?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the effect of simple non-competitive inhibition on the affinity of E and EI for substrate and the generation of product by the EIS complex?
Published	01/14/2024	What is irreversible inhibition?
Published	01/14/2024	What is an example of irreversible inhibition?
Published	01/14/2024	What is reversible inhibition?
Published	01/14/2024	What are the two types of reversible inhibition?
Published	01/14/2024	What is lactate dehydrogenase?
Published	01/14/2024	What are the five possible isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase?
Published	01/14/2024	Where are LDH1 and LDH2 located?
Published	01/14/2024	Where is LDH5 located?
Published	01/14/2024	When is LDH1 maximal increased?
Published	01/14/2024	What is the dimer creatine phosphokinase composed of?
Published	01/14/2024	What are the three isoenzymes of creatine phosphokinase?
Published	01/14/2024	What is alanine aminotransferase (ALT)?
Published	01/14/2024	Where is the highest concentration of ALT?
Published	01/14/2024	In what conditions is serum concentration of ALT increased?
Published	01/14/2024	What is aspartate aminotransferase (AST)?
Published	01/14/2024	Where is AST rich?
Published	01/14/2024	When is AST elevated?
Published	01/14/2024	Serum amylase is expected to be elevated in what condition?
Published	01/14/2024	Serum lipase is expected to be elevated in what condition?
Published	01/14/2024	Acid phosphatase is expected to be elevated in what condition?
Published	01/14/2024	Alkaline phosphatase is elevated in what conditions?
Status	Last Update	Fields