Notes in Cholesterol Synthesis

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	09/04/2024	Cholesterol is required as a precursor for:{{c1:: – Vitamin D – Steroids – Bile salts::(3)}}
Published	09/04/2024	Cholesterol is a major structural component of {{c1::myelin sheaths::which nervous system component?}} which are synthesized by {{c1::glial (Schwann c…
Published	09/04/2024	Cholesterol is obtained from {{c1::dietary sources or synthesized de novo}}
Published	09/04/2024	{{c1::Liver (70-80 %) and small intestine (10%)}} are the main organs synthesizing cholesterol. Also produced in the {{c1::adrenal glands and gonads}}
Published	09/04/2024	Cholesterol is a critical component of {{c1::cell membranes (~30%)::what part of the cell?}}, where it regulates {{c1::membrane fluidity}}
Published	09/04/2024	An adult on a low cholesterol diet typically synthesizes about {{c1::800 mg::# mg}}.
Published	09/04/2024	3 key stages of de novo cholesterol synthesis:{{c1::1. Synthesis of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP):    - Cytosol, Condensation of acet…
Published	09/04/2024	Rate limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis is the production of {{c1::HMG-CoA → mevalonate by the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase.}}
Published	09/04/2024	{{c1::HMG-CoA reductase}} is the target for {{c1::statin}} drugs that lower cholesterol
Published	09/04/2024	Statin drugs interfere with HMG-CoA reductase through {{c1::competitive}} inhibition
Published	09/04/2024	How is HMG-CoA reductase regulated?{{c2::1. Rate of synthesis of reductase mRNA is controlled by the Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein (SREBP)…
Published	09/04/2024	Bisphosphonates: {{c1::Used for treating bone diseases such as osteoporosis and osteogenesis imperfecta to inhibit osteoclast resorption of bone.::fun…
Published	09/04/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6543:top=.1211:width=.2566:height=.0299:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6664:top=.4873:width=.2445:height=.022…
Published	09/04/2024	HMG-CoA reductase is inhibited by {{c1::statins::what drug class?}}
Published	09/04/2024	Farnesyl-PP synthase is inhibited by {{c1::bisphosphonates::what drug class?}}
Published	09/04/2024	Protein prenylation: {{c1::Post-translational modification of proteins adding a farnesyl or geranylgeranyl to C-terminal cysteines of target proteins.…
Published	09/04/2024	Bile and bile salts are made in the liver and {{c1::stored in the gallbladder between meals}}
Published	09/04/2024	Functions of bile salts:{{c1::• aid digestion by breaking down fats • help absorb fat-soluble vitamins • eliminate waste products::(3)}}
Published	09/04/2024	Enterohepatic circulation: {{c1::the way by which bile salts are reabsorbed in the GI tract for recirculation back to liver}}
Published	09/04/2024	Bile acids are {{c1::amphipathic. sterol side: hydrophobic. amino acid conjugate: hydrophilic.::hydrophilic/hydrophobic/amphipathic}}
Published	09/04/2024	Cholesterol is a component of {{c1::lipid rafts}} and necessary for {{c1::proper functioning of “coated pits” during}} endocytosis process
Published	09/04/2024	High cholesterol risk factors out of control include:{{c1::- Age- Genes::(2)}}
Published	09/04/2024	High cholesterol risk factors in control:{{c1::- Smoking- Weight- Diet- Sedentary::(4)}}
Published	09/04/2024	Cholesterol in the digestive system exists as either {{c1::bile salts or cholesterol}}
Published	09/04/2024	Bile salts are produced in {{c1::liver}}, stored in {{c1::gall bladder}} and secreted into the {{c1::duodenum after eating::where & when?}}
Published	09/04/2024	ABC transporters of clinical importance:{{c1::1. Drug resistance, malaria, cancer.2. Cystic fibrosis: Mutation in ABC chloride carrier.3: Export …
Published	09/04/2024	Major lipoproteins include:{{c1:: 1.Chylomicrons - large particles that carry dietary lipid 2.Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) - carry endogenous t…
Published	09/04/2024	What is FH? {{c1::Familial HypercholesterolemiaFamily history of early cardiac eventsHigh LDL cholesterol: >190mg/dL in adults, >160mg/dL in chi…
Published	09/04/2024	Exogenous pathway of cholesterol:1. {{c1::Dietary cholesterol and fatty acids are absorbed.}} 2. {{c1::Triglycerides are formed in the intestinal cell…
Published	09/04/2024	Endogenous Pathway of cholesterol 1. {{c1::VLDL is formed in the liver from triglycerides and cholesterol esters.}} 2. {{c1::These can be hydrolyzed b…
Published	09/04/2024	Reverse Cholesterol Transport1. {{c1::Lipid-poor preβ-HDL particles, produced in the liver or the intestine, initiate the efflux of cholesterol and ph…
Published	09/04/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0321:top=.3934:width=.1001:height=.0871:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7407:top=.4117:width=.0866:height=.087…
Published	09/04/2024	Plasma cholesterol levels in normal & FH individuals:Normal: {{c1::150-200mg/dL}}FH heterozygote: {{c1::200-500mg/dL}}FH homozygote: {{c1::600-100…
Published	09/04/2024	Lipoprotein particle densities & composition:Chylomicrons: {{c1::< 0.95 g/ml, 99% lipid 1% protein}}VLDL: {{c1::0.95-1.006 g/ml, 92% lipid 8% p…
Published	09/04/2024	What dietary change can be used to manage cholesterol level & how?{{c1::Soluble Fiber: reduce intestinal uptake}}
Published	09/04/2024	Bile acid resins: {{c1::bind to bile and prevent intestinal uptake of cholesterol, manage cholesterol level::fxn}}
Published	09/04/2024	Niacin (Vitamin B3): {{c1::manage cholesterol levels, requires high doses and may have serious side effects, can be used in patients who do not tolera…
Published	09/04/2024	Ezetimibe:{{c1:: blocks intestinal absorption of cholesterol by blocking the NPC1L1 protein. Used in combination with a statin. }}
Published	09/04/2024	The APOE (apolipoprotein-E) gene is involved {{c1::in making a protein that helps carry cholesterol and other types of fat in the bloodstream.}}
Status	Last Update	Fields