Notes in 01 Esophagus and Stomach

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Published	02/20/2024	What drug may be used to treat diabetic or post-surgical gastroparesis by increasing resting tone, contractility, and LES tone?{{c1::Metoclopramide (D…
Published	02/20/2024	The innermost layer of the gut wall is the {{c1::mucosa}}
Published	02/20/2024	The mucosa of the gut wall consists of three layers: a(n) {{c1::epithelium}}, {{c2::lamina propria}}, and {{c3::muscularis mucosa}}
Published	02/20/2024	External to the mucosal layer of the gut wall is the {{c1::submucosa}}
Published	02/20/2024	External to the submucosal layer of the gut wall is the {{c1::muscularis externa}}
Published	02/20/2024	The muscularis externa of the gut wall consists of an inner {{c1::circular}} and an outer {{c1::longitudinal}} muscle layer
Published	02/20/2024	The {{c1::myenteric (Auerbach)}} nerve plexus lies between the circular and longitudinal muscles layers of the gut wall
Published	02/20/2024	The {{c1::submucosal (Meissner)}} nerve plexus lies between the submucosa and inner circular muscle layer of the gut wall
Published	02/20/2024	The outermost layer of the gut wall is the {{c1::serosa}} (when intraperitoneal)
Published	02/20/2024	The outermost layer of the gut wall is the {{c1::adventitia}} (when retroperitoneal)
Published	02/20/2024	Which gut wall layer contains Meissner's plexus? {{c1::Submucosa}}
Published	02/20/2024	Which gut wall layer contains Auerbach's plexus? {{c1::Muscularis externa}}
Published	02/20/2024	The {{c1::enteric}} nervous system can direct all functions of the GI tract, even in the absence of extrinsic innervation (e.g. PNS/SNS)
Published	02/20/2024	The {{c1::submucosal (Meissner's)}} plexus of the gut wall primarily controls secretion and blood flow
Published	02/20/2024	The {{c1::myenteric (Auerbach)}} plexus of the gut wall primarily controls motility
Published	02/20/2024	Zollinger-Ellison syndrome may present with {{c1::abdominal}} pain, due to peptic ulcer disease and distal ulcers
Published	02/20/2024	Slow waves originate in the {{c1::interstitial cells of Cajal}}, which serve as the pacemaker for GI smooth muscle
Published	02/20/2024	The pharynx and upper third of the esophagus are composed of {{c1::striated}} muscle
Published	02/20/2024	The lower two-thirds of the esophagus are composed of {{c1::smooth}} muscle
Published	02/20/2024	The {{c1::upper}} esophageal sphincter prevents air from entering the esophagus
Published	02/20/2024	The {{c1::lower}} esophageal sphincter prevents gastric contents from entering the esophagus
Published	02/20/2024	The mucus that covers the gastric epithelium traps {{c1::HCO3-}}, thus neutralizing any HCl that penetrates the mucus barrier
Published	02/20/2024	{{c2::Achalasia}} is characterized by disordered esophageal motility due to inability to relax the {{c1::lower}} esophageal sphincter
Published	02/20/2024	Achalasia may be idiopathic or secondary to a known insult, such as {{c1::Chagas}} disease and extraesophageal malignancies
Published	02/20/2024	Does achalasia present with dysphagia for solids or liquids? {{c1::Both solids and liquids :)}}
Published	02/20/2024	Achalasia is characterized by uncoordinated or absent {{c1::peristalsis}} in the esophagus
Published	02/20/2024	{{c2::Achalasia}} is characterized by the "{{c1::Bird's beak}}" sign on barium swallow
Published	02/20/2024	{{c1::Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)}} is caused by reflux of acid from the stomach due to transiently decreased {{c2::LES}} tone
Published	02/20/2024	What type of hernia increases risk of developing GERD? {{c1::Sliding hiatal hernia}}
Published	02/20/2024	Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) often presents with {{c1::heartburn}}, which can mimic cardiac chest pain
Published	02/20/2024	Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) may present with chronic cough and adult-onset {{c1::asthma}}
Published	02/20/2024	In Barrett's esophagus, {{c1::non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium}} is replaced with {{c2::non-ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cel…
Published	02/20/2024	Which type of esophageal cancer is associated with obesity, GERD and Barrett's esophagus? {{c1::Adenocarcinoma::SCC or adenocarcinoma}}
Published	02/20/2024	Esophageal carcinoma is subclassified as {{c1::adenocarcinoma}} or {{c2::squamous cell carcinoma}}
Published	02/20/2024	{{c1::Adenocarcinoma}} of the esophagus is a malignant proliferation of glands
Published	02/20/2024	{{c1::Adenocarcinoma}} of the esophagus is the most common type of esophageal carcinoma in {{c2::America::location}}
Published	02/20/2024	Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus most commonly arises from pre-existing {{c1::Barrett esophagus}}
Published	02/20/2024	Which part of the esophagus is typically affected by adenocarcinoma? {{c1::Lower 1/3rd}}
Published	02/20/2024	{{c1::Squamous cell carcinoma}} of the esophagus is a malignant proliferation of squamous cells
Published	02/20/2024	{{c1::Squamous cell carcinoma}} of the esophagus is the most common type of esophageal carcinoma {{c2::worldwide::location}}
Published	02/20/2024	The most common causes of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus are {{c1::alcohol}} and {{c2::tobacco}}
Published	02/20/2024	Which part of the esophagus is typically affected by squamous cell carcinoma? {{c1::Upper 2/3rds}}
Published	02/20/2024	Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus may present with {{c1::hoarseness}} due to involvement of the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Published	02/20/2024	Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus may present with {{c1::cough}} due to tracheal involvement
Published	02/20/2024	{{c1::Eosinophilic esophagitis}} is characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the esophagus, often in {{c2::atopic}} patients
Published	02/20/2024	{{c2::Eosinophilic esophagitis}} presents with esophageal {{c1::rings}} and linear furrows, often seen on endoscopy
Published	02/20/2024	Eosinophilic esophagitis classically presents with dysphagia and food impaction in response to {{c1::food allergens}}
Published	02/20/2024	Does eosinophilic esophagitis respond to GERD therapy (e.g. PPIs)?{{c1::No}}
Published	02/20/2024	{{c1::Acute}} gastritis occurs due to acidic damage to the stomach mucosa
Published	02/20/2024	What type of gastric ulcer is caused by severe burns? {{c1::Curling ulcer}}
Published	02/20/2024	{{c2::Acute}} gastritis is especially common among {{c1::alcoholics}} and patients taking daily NSAIDs (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis patients)
Published	02/20/2024	Chronic gastritis is associated with {{c1::atrophy::hypertrophy or atrophy}} of the gastric mucosa
Published	02/20/2024	{{c3::Chronic}} gastritis is divided into two types based on etiology: {{c1::autoimmune}} and {{c2::H. pylori}} gastritis
Published	02/20/2024	Chronic autoimmune gastritis is associated with antibodies against {{c1::parietal cells}} and/or {{c2::intrinsic factor}}
Published	02/20/2024	What type of hypersensitivity reaction is chronic autoimmune gastritis? {{c1::Type IV (T-cell mediated)}}
Published	02/20/2024	Chronic H. pylori gastritis causes increased risk for {{c1::peptic ulcer}} disease
Published	02/20/2024	Peptic ulcer disease is a solitary mucosal ulcer involving the {{c1::proximal duodenum}} (90%) or {{c2::distal stomach}} (10%)
Published	02/20/2024	{{c2::Duodenal}} ulcers present with epigastric pain that {{c1::improves}} with meals
Published	02/20/2024	Gastric ulcers are usually due to {{c1::H. pylori}} (~ 70%)
Published	02/20/2024	{{c2::Gastric}} ulcers present with epigastric pain that {{c1::worsens}} with meals
Published	02/20/2024	{{c1::Gastric::gastric or duodenal}} ulcers should be biopsied at the margins to rule out malignancy
Published	02/20/2024	Gastric carcinoma is subclassified into {{c1::intestinal}} and {{c2::diffuse}} types
Published	02/20/2024	Which type of gastric carcinoma (intestinal or diffuse) is associated with H. pylori infection? {{c1::Intestinal}}
Published	02/26/2024	Which type of gastric carcinoma (diffuse or intestinal) is associated with chronic gastritis? {{c1::Intestinal}}
Published	02/20/2024	What type of epithelium lines the esophagus? {{c1::Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium}}
Published	02/20/2024	The surface of the stomach is marked histologically by closely spaced grooves called gastric {{c1::pits}}, into which several gastric glands secrete
Published	02/20/2024	One adverse effect of NSAIDs is {{c1::gastric ulcers::GI}} due to inhibition of COX-{{c2::1}}
Published	02/20/2024	What test/procedure is used to exclude malignancy in patients diagnosed with achalasia?{{c1::Endoscopy}}
Published	02/20/2024	What is the likely diagnosis in an insulin-dependent diabetic patient with anorexia, nausea/vomiting, early satiety, and post-prandial hypoglycemia wi…
Published	02/20/2024	Helicobacter pylori is urease-positive, meaning it splits urea into {{c1::NH3}} and {{c1::CO2}}, the basis of the {{c1::urea}} breath test
Published	02/20/2024	{{c2::Helicobacter pylori}} is a bacteria associated with peptic ulcers of the {{c1::duodenum}} and stomach
Published	02/20/2024	What is 1st line tx of GERD?{{c1::PPI}}
Published	02/20/2024	When is an EGD done for GERD?{{c1::Only when PPIs fail/there are alarm symptoms}}
Published	02/20/2024	What is the best diagnostic test for GERD, but is rarely done?{{c1::24hr-pH monitoring}}
Published	02/20/2024	What is tx of esophageal cancer (adeno)?{{c1::Resection}}
Published	02/20/2024	What is surgical tx of GERD if PPI's are not tolerated or pt. doesnt want them?{{c1::Nissen fundoplication}}
Published	02/20/2024	How is dx of achalasia made?{{c1::Barium swallow (Bird beak) and manometry}}
Published	02/20/2024	What is done 1st in workup of esophageal cancer to identify location of lesions/safety of EGD?{{c1::Barium swallow}}
Published	02/20/2024	How do you confirm dx of esophageal cancer following barium swallow?{{c1::EGD w/ biopsy}}
Published	02/20/2024	How is esophageal cancer staged?{{c1::CT scan}}
Published	02/20/2024	Achalasia may be treated with {{c1::botulinum toxin}} injections
Published	02/20/2024	Most common complication of peptic ulcer disease = {{c1::bleeding::complication}}
Published	02/20/2024	Retrosternal burning pain (heartburn) that worsens at night / lying down and coughing/wheezing/hoarseness = {{c1::GERD}}
Published	02/20/2024	GERD first step in management is managed with {{c1::PPI::PPI/24 hour pH monitoring}}GERD confirmatory diagnosis is managed with {{c1::24 hour ambulato…
Published	02/20/2024	Epigastric pain associated with H. Pylori, NSAIDs, and glucocorticoids → {{c1::peptic ulcer disease::diagnosis}}
Published	02/20/2024	Peptic ulcer disease → {{c1::EGD w/ bx}} to differentiate H. Pylori vs. malignancy vs. benign
Published	02/20/2024	When is surgery done for peptic ulcer disease?{{c1::Refractory symptoms > 12 weeks / malignancy}}
Published	02/20/2024	Heller myotomy is the treatment for {{c1::achalasia::achalasia/GERD}}Nissen fundoplication is the treatment for {{c1::GERD::achalasia/GERD}}
Published	02/20/2024	Strongest risk factor for gastric cancer = {{c1::H. Pylori infection}}
Published	02/20/2024	Once a diagnosis of gastric cancer is made via endoscopy, {{c1::endoscopic US::imaging}} is used to help with TNM staging and {{c1::abdominal CT::imag…
Published	02/20/2024	Hiatal hernias with a long history of GERD is assessed with a barium swallow followed by a(n) {{c1::EGD::test}}
Published	02/20/2024	Triple therapy for H. pylori includes:{{c1::PPIAmoxicillinClarithromycin}}
Published	02/20/2024	What two risky activities should you stop doing if you have peptic ulcer disease?{{c1::Smoking/alcohol (damages mucosa)}}
Published	02/20/2024	Refractory duodenal ulcers and diarrhea is suggestive of {{c1::ZES::diagnosis}}
Published	02/20/2024	Before starting PPIs, what treatment is offered for people with GERD?{{c1::Lifestyle modifications}}
Published	02/20/2024	What test is most accurate for diagnosis of achalasia?{{c1::Esophageal manometry}}
Published	02/20/2024	Intermittent solid food dysphagia and history of atopy is suggestive of {{c1::eosinophilic esophagitis::diagnosis}}
Published	02/23/2024	The primary function of the fundus & body region is production of {{c1::HCl and enzymes}}, while the function of cardia and pylorus regions is pro…
Published	02/20/2024	Achalasia causes progressive dysphagia{{c1::T::T/F}}
Published	02/20/2024	Alcohol, fat-rich diets, caffeine, obesity, pregnancy, smoking, and hiatal hernias may cause {{c1::GERD::GI pathology}}
Published	02/20/2024	Eosinophilic esophagitis presents similarly to severe GERD and often occurs in {{c1::children::demographic}}
Published	02/20/2024	Peptic ulcer disease may present with {{c1::"black tarry stools" (melena)}} due to oxidation of iron from hemoglobin breakdown in an up…
Published	02/20/2024	The biggest risk factor for intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma is {{c1::autoimmune gastritis}}
Published	02/20/2024	What are modifiable risk factors for gastric adenocarcinoma?{{c1::Smoking and Alcohol::2}}
Published	02/20/2024	{{c1::Gastroparesis}} is characterized by delayed gastric emptying without mechanical obstruction
Published	02/20/2024	Calcium channel blockers and TCAs may cause {{c1::gastroparesis::GI disorder}}
Published	02/20/2024	What GI disorder is most commonly idiopathic, but may also be caused by diabetes (T1DM> T2DM), medications (TCAs, CCBs), and surgery?{{c1::Gastropa…
Published	02/20/2024	Gastroparesis is caused by dysfunction of the {{c1::vagus}} nerve, which leads to impaired peristalsis of food through the stomach
Published	02/20/2024	What is the likely diagnosis in a diabetic patient with anorexia, postprandial bloating/vomiting, and early satiety without heartb…
Published	02/20/2024	Quadruple therapy = {{c1::PPI or an H2-receptor antagonist, bismuth, tetracycline and metronidazole}}
Published	02/20/2024	The diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis is confirmed with {{c1::endoscopy and esophageal biopsy (> 15 eos/hpf)}}
Published	02/20/2024	What is the most common complication peptic ulcer disease? {{c1::Gastrointestinal hemorrhage}}Second most common complication? {{c1::Gastric…
Published	02/20/2024	Most cases of diffuse gastric cancer are due to {{c1::E-cadherin}} mutations
Published	02/20/2024	What iatrogenic risk factor may result in gastroparesis?{{c1::Surgery}}
Published	02/20/2024	Esophageal muscle is {{c1::only skeletal}} muscle in the top 1/3, {{c1::mixed skeletal and smooth}} muscle in the middle 1/3, and lower 1/3 {{c1::smoo…
Published	02/23/2024	The 4 parts of the folds in the gastric epithelium are the gastric {{c1::pit}}, {{c1::isthmus}}, {{c1::neck}}, and {{c1::gland}}
Published	02/20/2024	The gastric pit contains {{c1::surface mucous}} cells
Published	02/23/2024	Parietal and chief cells are found in the gastric {{c1::gland::pit, neck, or gland}}
Published	02/23/2024	The epithelium of the {{c1::GI tract}} has the highest cell turnover rate in the body
Published	02/23/2024	In the GI tract, the rate of {{c1::proliferation::adding new cells}} neads to equal the rate of {{c1::exfoliation::losing old cells}}
Published	02/23/2024	Immune cells are found in the {{c1::lamina propria::layer of GI wall}}
Published	02/20/2024	The folds that increase the surface area of the stomach are called {{c1::rugae}}
Published	02/23/2024	If the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter is too low, you get {{c1::GERD (acid reflux)::condition}}, but if the tone is too high, you get {{c…
Published	02/23/2024	If the picture on the left shows a normal barium swallow test, then the one on the right shows {{c1::achalasia::condition}}
Published	02/23/2024	Major motor patterns in the gut:propulsive peristalsis is used for {{c1::moving food forward}}retropulsive peristalsis is used for {{c1::vomiting}}seg…
Published	02/23/2024	Besides the skin, melanoma can also occur in the {{c1::esophagus}}
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Published	02/20/2024	The lamina propria of the esophagus has {{c2::elastic and collagen}} fibers
Published	02/23/2024	Esophageal glands are found within the {{c1::submucosa::layer}} of the esophagus wall, while esophageal cardiac glands are in the {{c1::lamina pr…
Published	02/20/2024	{{c1::Esophageal}} glands in the {{c2::proximal and distal::proximal/distal}} esophagus produce mucus to {{c3::lubricate food}}, while {{c1::esophagea…
Published	02/20/2024	These circled cells in the esophagus are {{c1::melanocytes::cell type}}
Published	02/23/2024	The serosa of the esophagus contains {{c1::simple squamous epithelial::be specific}} tissue that secretes the serous fluid
Published	02/23/2024	Chugging is possible because of {{c1::deglutitive inhibition}}. Basically, multiple swallows in rapid succession will cause {{c2::relaxation}} of…
Published	02/23/2024	The simple columnar epithelium on the left belongs to the {{c1::stomach::organ}}, and the stratified squamous epithelium on the right belongs to the {…
Published	02/23/2024	Chronic GERD and/or esophagitis can result in metaplasia of esophageal epithelium that is called {{c1::Barrett's esophagus}}
Published	02/20/2024	The 3 functions of the stomach are made possible by its unique features:{{c1::Reservoir}} - made possible by {{c2::rugae}}{{c1::Mechanical digest…
Published	02/20/2024	In the 3 histological regions of the stomach, thecardia has {{c2::short}} pits and {{c1::coiled::shape}} glandsfundus & body has {{c2::short}} pit…
Published	02/20/2024	The region of the stomach with the longest pits is the {{c1::pylorus}} and the region with the longest glands is the {{c1::fundus & body…
Published	02/23/2024	The 6 cell types of the gastric epithelium are:{{c1::surface mucous cells}}{{c1::mucous neck cells}}{{c2::stem cells}}{{c2::parietal cells}}{{c3::ente…
Published	02/23/2024	The {{c1::fundus & body::histologic region(s)}} have all 6 cell types in the gastric pits and glands, but the {{c1::cardia and pylorus::…
Published	02/20/2024	Stem cells are present in the gastric {{c1::neck::pit, neck, or gland}}. They can migrate upward to differentiate into {{c2::mucous neck cells, t…
Published	02/23/2024	Gastric stem cells that migrate toward the pit have {{c1::faster}} turnover than those that migrate toward the gland
Published	02/23/2024	It is {{c1::normal::normal/abnormal}} to see immune cells in the lamina propria and submucosa of the stomach
Published	02/23/2024	A stomach cancer with increased number of mucous cells with a signet ring appearance is likely {{c1::gastric adenocarcinoma}}
Published	02/20/2024	Find the lamina propria in this image of the esophageal wall{{c1::::}}
Published	02/23/2024	The folds of the rugae contain {{c1::mucosa and submucosa::layers of stomach wall}}
Published	02/20/2024	The cells of the gastric mucosa turnover every {{c1::5-7 days}}
Published	02/23/2024	This image is taken from the {{c1::GE junction::organ}}
Published	02/20/2024	This esophageal biopsy is suggestive of {{c1::GERD (reflux esophagitis)}}
Published	02/20/2024	Local staging of esophageal cancer can be accomplished via endoscopic {{c1::ultrasound}}
Published	02/20/2024	Lifestyle modifications for GERD management include weight {{c1::loss}}, {{c1::elevating}} head of bed, and eating dinner {{c1::early}}
Published	02/23/2024	Diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis requires biopsy of the {{c1::proximal and distal::proximal/distal}} esophagus
Published	02/20/2024	This endoscopy shows {{c1::white exudates}}, which is suggestive of {{c1::eosinophilic esophagitis}}
Published	02/20/2024	Treatment for eosinophilic esophagitis includes {{c1::PPIs::first-line}}, {{c2::swallowed steroids}}, and {{c3::6-food elimination}} di…
Published	02/20/2024	What is the diagnosis if patient presents with dysphagia that has affected solids and liquids since the onset and weight loss…
Published	02/20/2024	What is the preferred treatment of gastric adenocarcinoma which has not metastasized?{{c1::Surgical resection}}
Published	02/20/2024	Do peptic ulcers present with progressive or episodic abdominal pain?{{c1::Episodic}}
Published	02/20/2024	What is the most common etiology of upper GI bleeding?{{c1::Peptic ulcer disease}}
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