Notes in BIOL 2020 (Exam 1)

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	10/20/2023	Lipids
Published	10/20/2023	Proteins
Published	10/20/2023	Polysaccharides
Published	10/20/2023	Nucleic Acids
Published	10/20/2023	Fatty Acid
Published	10/20/2023	Triacylglycerols
Published	10/20/2023	Phospholipids
Published	10/20/2023	Steroids and terpenes
Published	10/20/2023	Phospholipids in cell membranes
Published	10/20/2023	Disaccharides
Published	10/20/2023	Cellulose
Published	10/20/2023	Chitin
Published	10/20/2023	Amino acid stucture
Published	10/20/2023	Polypeptides
Published	10/20/2023	Primary structure of protein
Published	10/20/2023	4 levels of protein structure
Published	10/20/2023	Secondary structure of protein
Published	10/20/2023	Tertiary structure of protein
Published	10/20/2023	Quaternary structure of protein
Published	10/20/2023	Nucleotide structure
Published	10/20/2023	2 families of nitrogenous bases
Published	10/20/2023	What is the difference between the nitrogenous bases used in DNA and RNA?
Published	10/20/2023	Structure of DNA
Published	10/20/2023	Transcription
Published	10/20/2023	Translation
Published	10/20/2023	Central dogma
Published	10/20/2023	Nucleus have two membranes (Inner and outer)
Published	10/20/2023	RNA Polymerase
Published	10/20/2023	Types of RNA molecules and their functions
Published	10/20/2023	Active site of RNA polymerase
Published	10/20/2023	How does RNA polymerase initiate transcription?
Published	10/20/2023	Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC)
Published	10/20/2023	Ribosome translation process
Published	10/20/2023	Ribosome
Published	10/20/2023	Large subunit of ribosome
Published	10/20/2023	Small subunit of the ribosome
Published	10/20/2023	Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Published	10/20/2023	Start codon
Published	10/20/2023	Stop Codon
Published	10/20/2023	RNA splicing
Published	10/20/2023	RNA splicing process
Published	10/20/2023	How do cells make triacylglycerol (TAG)?
Published	10/20/2023	Where is triacylglycerol made?
Published	10/20/2023	Lipid Droplets
Published	10/20/2023	Structure of lipid droplets
Published	10/20/2023	3 steps of lipid droplet synthesis
Published	10/20/2023	Phosphatidic acid
Published	10/20/2023	Membranes
Published	10/20/2023	Translocases
Published	10/20/2023	FRAP (Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching)
Published	10/20/2023	The proteins at the membrane have which type of amino acids?
Published	10/20/2023	What are the differences between integral, peripheral and lipid-anchored proteins?
Published	10/20/2023	What kind of signals to membrane proteins detect and transmit?
Published	10/20/2023	Membrane proteins
Published	10/20/2023	Integral monotopic proteins
Published	10/20/2023	Peripheral membrane proteins
Published	10/20/2023	Lipid-anchored membrane proteins
Published	10/20/2023	Glycosylation
Published	10/20/2023	Which molecules can diffuse freely across membranes, and which can't?
Published	10/20/2023	Simple diffusion
Published	10/20/2023	Facilitated diffusion
Published	10/20/2023	Name 2 major protein types that mediate facilitated diffusion
Published	10/20/2023	Hydrophilic transmembrane channels
Published	10/20/2023	Ion channels
Published	10/20/2023	Why are passing ions important
Published	10/20/2023	Ligand-gated ion channels
Published	10/20/2023	Voltage-gated sodium channels
Published	10/20/2023	Porins
Published	10/20/2023	How does ATP pass through membranes
Published	10/20/2023	Provide an example for a uniporter, symporter and antiporter
Published	10/20/2023	Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Published	10/20/2023	Direct (Primary) active transport
Published	10/20/2023	Indirect (Secondary) active transport
Published	10/20/2023	Why does amino acid absorption require both direct and indirect active transport?
Published	10/20/2023	What 4 types of ATPases is active transport dependent on?
Published	10/20/2023	P-ATPases
Published	10/20/2023	Types of P2-ATPases
Published	10/20/2023	NA+/K+ ATPase
Published	10/20/2023	Vacuolar-ATPase
Published	10/20/2023	F-type ATPases
Published	10/20/2023	ABC-type ATPases
Published	10/20/2023	What is the difference between anabolic and catabolic pathways?
Published	10/20/2023	How do proteins use the energy released ATP hydrolysis?
Published	10/20/2023	How do cells obtain energy?
Published	10/20/2023	Difference between oxidation and reduction
Published	10/20/2023	What are NAD and FAD molecules?
Published	10/20/2023	Is glucose oxidation highly endergonic or exergonic?
Published	10/20/2023	How do enzymes catalyze oxidation?
Published	10/20/2023	What is glycolysis?
Published	10/20/2023	Glycolysis steps
Published	10/20/2023	Disaccharides are broken into 3 monosaccharides:
Published	10/20/2023	Pyruvate
Published	10/20/2023	Where does glycolysis occur?
Published	10/20/2023	How does pyruvate get transported from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria?
Published	10/20/2023	Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Published	10/20/2023	Pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex
Published	10/20/2023	Citric acid cycle (Krebs Cycle / tricarbocylic acid cycle)
Published	10/20/2023	What are cataplerotic pathways and anaplerotic pathways?
Published	10/20/2023	Beta oxidation
Published	10/20/2023	Electron Transport Chain
Published	10/20/2023	Prosthetic groups
Published	10/20/2023	Complex I
Published	10/20/2023	Coenzyme Q (CoQ)
Published	10/20/2023	Complex II
Published	10/20/2023	Complex III
Published	10/20/2023	Cytochrom C
Published	10/20/2023	Complex IV
Published	10/20/2023	Why do electrons move in a single direction in the ETC?
Published	10/20/2023	Complex I structure
Published	10/20/2023	What is the power source for ATP synthase?
Published	10/20/2023	Structure of the ETC
Published	10/20/2023	Apoptosis
Published	10/20/2023	Differences between apoptotic and necrotic cells
Published	10/20/2023	Caspases
Published	10/20/2023	Initiator caspases
Published	10/20/2023	Executioner caspases
Published	10/20/2023	Are cascades of caspase activations reversible?
Published	10/20/2023	Caspase activated DNAse (CAD)
Published	10/20/2023	Extrinsic pathway of apoptosis
Published	10/20/2023	Intrinsic pathway of apoptosis
Published	10/20/2023	Inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs)
Published	10/20/2023	Bcl2 proteins
Published	10/20/2023	Ferroptosis
Published	10/20/2023	After being synthesized by a ribosome in the cytosol, where do new proteins go?
Published	10/20/2023	Main steps of the secretory pathway
Published	10/20/2023	What errors in the secretory pathway are caused by mutated proteins?
Published	10/20/2023	What is the difference between the smooth and rough ER?
Published	10/20/2023	Cotranslational import into the ER
Published	10/20/2023	How is the ER signal sequence guided to the ER membrane?
Published	10/20/2023	How are proteins forced inside the ER lumen?
Published	10/20/2023	Where do translocated polypeptide chains fold and assemble?
Published	10/20/2023	What does protein folding in the ER involve?
Published	10/20/2023	Disulfide bonds
Published	10/20/2023	How are proteins synthesized in the rough ER glycosylated?
Published	10/20/2023	Oligosaccharides
Published	10/20/2023	Calnexin
Published	10/20/2023	Chaperone proteins
Published	10/20/2023	How are misfolded proteins recognized?
Published	10/20/2023	What is the purpose of transport vesicles in the Golgi apparatus?
Published	10/20/2023	Secretory vs. Endocytic pathway
Published	10/20/2023	Types of coated vesicles
Published	10/20/2023	What are coats?
Published	10/20/2023	Rab proteins
Published	10/20/2023	SNARE proteins
Published	10/20/2023	How do proteins leave the ER?
Published	10/20/2023	How do COPII-coated transport vesicles accomodate large cargoes?
Published	10/20/2023	What is cisternae?
Published	10/20/2023	Golgi destination codes
Published	10/20/2023	How do cargo receptors inside vesicles ensure they are loaded?
Published	10/20/2023	2 mechanisms that control transport through the Golgi Apparatus
Published	10/20/2023	COPI vesicles
Published	10/20/2023	How do ER proteins initiate vesicle formation?
Published	10/20/2023	Nonselective constitutive secretory pathway
Published	10/20/2023	How are proteins sorted in the cytoplasm?
Published	10/20/2023	Structure of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
Published	10/20/2023	Unsructured proteins
Published	10/20/2023	Import receptors (importins)
Published	10/20/2023	What is Ran? What is its function? How is it  activated/deactivated?
Published	10/20/2023	Structure of importin
Published	10/20/2023	Can proteins have both NESs and NLSs?
Published	10/20/2023	How are mitochondrial and plastid proteins translocated into the mitochondria?
Published	10/20/2023	How are polypeptide chains moved through the 2 membranes of the mitochondria?
Published	10/20/2023	HSP-70 chaperones
Published	10/20/2023	Cytoskeleton functions
Published	10/20/2023	3 classes of cytoskeletal filaments
Published	10/20/2023	Structure of microtubules
Published	10/20/2023	Assembly of microtubules
Published	10/20/2023	Helical microtubule lattice
Published	10/20/2023	Microtubules polarity
Published	10/20/2023	How does rapid microtubule growth occur?
Published	10/20/2023	Microtubule nucleation
Published	10/20/2023	Dynamic Instability
Published	10/20/2023	The addition of GTP-tubulin to the plus end of a protofilament causes what?
Published	10/20/2023	Define catastrophe and rescue, in the context of microtubules
Published	10/20/2023	What does hydrolysis of GTP after assembly cause in microtubules?
Published	10/20/2023	Microtubules-organizing center (MTOC)
Published	10/20/2023	Centrosome
Published	10/20/2023	Microtubule associated proteins (MAPs)
Published	10/20/2023	Kinesins
Published	10/20/2023	Kinesin structure (tetramer protein)
Published	10/20/2023	How do kinesins move?
Published	10/20/2023	What element is common in the kinesin protein superfamily?
Published	10/20/2023	Kinesin-13 proteins (microtubule depolymerases)
Published	10/20/2023	Kinesin-14 (Ncd)
Published	10/20/2023	Dynein
Published	10/20/2023	How are microtubule motors (kinesin and dynein) used in the secretory pathway?
Published	10/20/2023	Provide an example of kinesin-mediated transport of organelles
Published	10/20/2023	Melanosomes
Published	10/20/2023	Axoneme
Published	10/20/2023	Axonal transport of organelles
Published	10/23/2023	Microfilaments (actin filaments)
Published	10/23/2023	Actin subunits
Published	10/23/2023	What is the function of actin?
Published	10/23/2023	What is the polarity of an actin filament?
Published	10/23/2023	What is the rate-limiting step in actin filament formation? How do actin filaments form?
Published	10/23/2023	What is phalloidin?
Published	10/23/2023	What protrusive structures do migrating cells make?
Published	10/23/2023	What do actin-binding proteins do?
Published	10/23/2023	What do capping proteins do?
Published	10/23/2023	What does cofilin do?
Status	Last Update	Fields