Notes in Digestion and Absorption

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Published	02/21/2024	With regards to digestion/absorption, Polymer carbohydrates -> {{c1::monomer sugars}} by {{c2::glycosidases}}. Only {{c3::monomer sugars}} (gl…
Published	02/21/2024	With regards to digestion/absorption, Lipids -> {{c1::Fatty acids & Cholesterol}} by {{c2::lipases (esterases)}}. {{c3::Fatty acids, monoacylgl…
Published	02/21/2024	With regards to digestion/absorption, Proteins -> {{c1::Amino Acids, dipeptides, tripeptides}} by {{c2::proteases (peptidases)}}. {{c3::Single…
Published	02/21/2024	With regards to digestion/absorption, Nucleic acids -> {{c1::Nucleosides and Phosphate}} by {{c2::Phosphodiesterases (nucleases) and Phosphata…
Published	02/21/2024	What happens to Insulin (a protein), Epinephrine, Nitrates in the GI system?
Published	02/21/2024	{{c3::External anal sphincter}} consists of {{c2::skeletal muscle}} and is under {{c1::voluntary control}}
Published	02/21/2024	What are 7 sphincters in GI system?
Published	02/21/2024	The {{c1::Upper Esophageal Sphincter}} prevents {{c2::air from entering the esophagus}}
Published	02/21/2024	The {{c1::Lower Esophageal Sphincter}} prevents {{c2::acid reflux from the stomach into the esophagus}}
Published	02/21/2024	The {{c1::pyloric sphincter}} regulates passage of {{c3::acidic chyme}} from the stomach into the duodenum. Keeps {{c2::acid & alkali separate}}
Published	02/21/2024	{{c2::The Sphincter of Oddi}} regulates {{c1::release of bile & pancreatic secretions}}
Published	02/21/2024	The {{c1::ileocecal valve}} regulates passage of chyme from the {{c2::ileum to the large intestine.}}
Published	02/21/2024	{{c2::External anal sphincter}} is skeletal muscle and under voluntary control innervated by t{{c1::he inferior anal nerve (a branch of pudendal nerve…
Published	02/21/2024	Patients with Low {{c1::LES (lower esophageal sphincter)}} tone predisposes them to {{c2::reflux of gastric contents}} into esophagus.
Published	02/21/2024	What is Barrett's esophagus?
Published	02/21/2024	As a generalization, {{c1::parasympathetic input}} results in an {{c2::increase}} in GI motility and GI secretions.
Published	02/21/2024	As a generalization, {{c1::sympathetic input}} results in an {{c2::decrease}} in GI motility and GI secretions.
Published	02/21/2024	Which classes of drugs can promote parasympathetic activity and cause diarrhea?
Published	02/21/2024	Which classes of drugs can promote sympathetic activity and cause constipation?
Published	02/21/2024	{{c3::Gastrin}} is a peptide hormone, released by {{c2::G cells}} in antrum that stimulates {{c1::parietal cells}} to {{c4::secrete more acid}} i…
Published	02/21/2024	{{c1::Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES)}} is {{c3::due to G cell tumors secreting gastrin}}, resulting in {{c2::more acid ulcers and GI cancers.}}
Published	02/21/2024	What factors increase the secretion of acid in the gut?
Published	02/21/2024	What factors decrease the secretion of acid in the gut?
Published	02/21/2024	{{c2::Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)}} is produced and secreted by {{c1::intestinal enteroendocrine L-cells}} and certain neurons within the {{c1::nu…
Published	02/21/2024	GLP-1 analogs increase {{c1::insulin release}} from pancreas.
Published	02/21/2024	{{c1::Ileo-gastric reflex}} is when the {{c2::distension of an ileal segment inhibits gastric motility}}.
Published	02/21/2024	{{c1::Intestino-intestinal reflex -}} is the {{c2::cessation of intestinal motility upon excessive distention/surgery}}.
Published	02/21/2024	{{c1::Gastro-enteric reflex}} is the {{c2::distension of stomach increase the excitability (motor and secretory) of the small intestine.}}.
Published	02/21/2024	{{c1::Gastro-ileal reflex}} is the {{c2::distension of stomach intesifies the activity of the terminal ileum and opens the ileo-cecal sphincter}}.
Published	02/21/2024	{{c1::Gastro- and duodeno-colic reflex}} is the {{c2::Distension of stomach or duodenum initiate 'mass movements' of the colon.}}.
Published	02/21/2024	What is an MMC?
Published	02/21/2024	{{c1::Secretin}} is the main regulator of bicarbonate secretion into the duodenum.
Published	02/21/2024	How are glucose and galactose absorbed in the body?
Published	02/21/2024	How is fructose absorbed in the body?
Published	02/21/2024	{{c1::Lactose intolerance}} results from the absence of {{c2::brush border lactase}} and, thus, the inability to {{c3::hydrolyze lactose to glucose an…
Published	02/21/2024	MOA of loperamide
Published	02/21/2024	How does cholera toxin work?
Published	02/21/2024	How do oral rehydration therapies work?
Published	02/21/2024	{{c1::Vitamin B12}} is absorbed in the {{c2::ileum}} and requires {{c3::intrinsic factor.}}
Published	02/21/2024	Gastrectomy results in the {{c1::loss of parietal cells}}, which are the source of {{c1::intrinsic factor.}} Injection of {{c2::vitamin B12}} is requi…
Published	02/21/2024	{{c1::Ileuctomy}} results in {{c2::loss of absorption of vitamin B12-intrinsic factor complex}} and thus requires injection of vitamin B12.
Published	02/21/2024	{{c1::Transcobalamin II}} protects {{c2::B12}} while circulating in blood.
Published	02/21/2024	{{c1::Absorption of calcium}} in the intestine is dependent on Vitamin D. The active form of vitamin D is made in {{c2::kidneys}} and induces producti…
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