Notes in L12 Degradation of Heme

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Published	11/02/2024	At the end of an RBC's life, its taken up and degraded by cells of the {{c1::reticuloendothelial (RE) system}}, particularly in the {{c1::liver and sp…
Published	11/02/2024	Where does the Heme degraded by the reticuloendothelial (RE) system come from?
Published	11/02/2024	Bilirubin is a product of heme degradation that is transported from the {{c1::liver}} into the {{c1::bile}} where it is normally excreted via the {{c1…
Published	11/02/2024	Jaundice is caused by {{c1::inappropriate build-up of bilirubin}}
Published	11/02/2024	What are the two steps in formation of Bilirubin? Where does this take place?
Published	11/02/2024	How does Bilirubin get to the liver? (what type of bond is present)
Published	11/02/2024	What do certain anionic drugs do to Bilirubin that permits it to enter the CNS and do damage?
Published	11/02/2024	What is ligandin?
Published	11/02/2024	What happens to Bilirubin in the liver: Describe the reaction and the reason for this:
Published	11/02/2024	Where does Bilirubin diglucuronide go after the liver?
Published	11/02/2024	How is Urobilinogen formed in the intestines?
Published	11/02/2024	What are the three pathways that urobilinogen can follow after it is formed in the intestine?
Published	11/02/2024	Describe the process of Urobilinogen getting from the intestines into the urine:
Published	11/02/2024	What gives stools their characteristic brown color?
Published	11/02/2024	What gives urine it's characteristic yellow color?
Published	11/02/2024	What color is Urobilinogen?
Published	11/02/2024	During the initial conversion of Heme to Biliverdin in cells of the reticuloendothelial (RE) system, what two byproducts are released?
Published	11/02/2024	Bilirubin and it's derivatives are termed {{c1::bile pigments}}
Published	11/02/2024	Is Bilirubin water soluble?
Published	11/02/2024	What is conjugated bilirubin?
Published	11/02/2024	How do liver cells keep Bilirubin in the cell and prevent efflux back into the plasma?
Published	11/02/2024	The excretion of conjugated bilirubin from hepatocytes into bile against a marked concentration gradient is an {{c1::energy-dependent, active transpor…
Published	11/02/2024	The liver pumps conjugated bilirubin out into the bile, and excretion of conjugated bilirubin into the bile initiates the cycle called the {{c1::enter…
Published	11/02/2024	Conjugated bilirubin refers to:
Published	11/02/2024	How much of the urobilinogen created in the intestines is reabsorbed into the blood?
Published	11/02/2024	What happens to most of the Urobilinogen reabsorbed into the enterohepatic circulation from the intestines?
Published	11/02/2024	Urobilinogen is converted to both Urobilin and Stercobilin via {{c1::nonenzymatic oxidation}}
Published	11/02/2024	Unconjugated bilirubin refers to {{c1::bilirubin bound to albumin}}
Published	11/02/2024	Where in the intestines are urobilinogens spontaneously oxidized to form Stercobilin?
Published	11/02/2024	Which of the different forms of Bilirubin in the pathway are soluble in blood?
Published	11/02/2024	Unconjugated bilirubin (bilirubin bound to albumin) is tightly bound to albumin and therefore cannot be {{c1::filtered by the kidney}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Conjugated}} bilirubin is 20,000 times more soluble than {{c1::unconjugated}} bilirubin and is therefore filtered at the kidney, if it leaks int…
Published	11/02/2024	Where is conjugated bilirubin normally found? What causes it to be found in the blood?
Published	11/02/2024	Is bilirubin-albumin (unconjugated bilirubin) water soluble?
Published	11/02/2024	What is the lab test for conjugated bilirubin?
Published	11/02/2024	How is total bilirubin measured?
Published	11/02/2024	How do lab tests determine the levels of unconjugated bilirubin?
Published	11/02/2024	What level of DBIL is normally in blood?
Published	11/02/2024	What specifically does a lab test for Urinary Bilirubin test for? What is the normal result?
Published	11/02/2024	What does a test for Urinary Urobilinogen quantify?
Published	11/02/2024	Determination of bilirubin concentration is most commonly determined by using a {{c1::colorometric reaction (van den Bergh reaction)}}
Published	11/02/2024	Jaundice is also called {{c1::icterus}}
Published	11/02/2024	Is Jaundice a disease?
Published	11/02/2024	What are the 3 major forms of jaundice?
Published	11/02/2024	What causes Hemolytic Jaundice? What becomes elevated?
Published	11/02/2024	How does Obstructive Jaundice affect the urine?
Published	11/02/2024	What does prolonged obstruction of the bile duct lead to?
Published	11/02/2024	What causes Hepatocellular Jaundice? What becomes elevated? urine color?
Published	11/02/2024	What causes Jaundice in newborns? What is elevated?
Published	11/02/2024	What threat does Newborn Jaundice pose to the baby?
Published	11/02/2024	How is Newborn Jaundice treated?
Published	11/02/2024	When are adult levels of hepatic bilirubin glucuronyl transferase normally achieved?
Published	11/02/2024	Another name for hepatic bilirubin glucuronyl transferase is:
Published	11/02/2024	Why can excess free bilirubin diffuse into the basal ganglia in newborns?
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Published	11/02/2024	Gilbert Syndrome. Which enzyme is affected? What thing will be elevated? Inheritence?
Published	11/02/2024	Is Gilbert Syndrome obvious in patients?
Published	11/02/2024	What usually precipitate the episodes of intermittent jaundice caused by Gilbert Syndrome? How do these episodes resolve?
Published	11/02/2024	Cholestasis
Published	11/02/2024	Are bile duct tumors, cysts, and stone an example of extrahepatic or intrahepatic cholestasis?
Published	11/02/2024	Elevations of what molecules in serum are specific for cholestasis?
Published	11/02/2024	In patients with hemolytic anemia, urine is dark owing to increased concentrations of urinary {{c1::urobilin}}
Published	11/02/2024	Hepatocellular jaundice is best characterized by elevations in: enzymes
Published	11/02/2024	Hemolytic jaundice is best characterized by elevations in: enzyme?
Published	11/02/2024	Obstructive Jaundice is best characterized by elevations in: enzyme?
Published	11/02/2024	What do the changing colors of a bruise reflect? (heme degradation process)- {{c1::biliverdin}} is a green pigment- {{c1::bilirubin}} is a red/orange …
Published	11/02/2024	Jaundice refers to the {{c1::yellow}} color of the skin and sclerae caused by deposition of bilirubin secondary to increased {{c1::bilirubin}} l…
Published	11/02/2024	What causes Obstructive Jaundice? {{c1::- caused by obstruction of the bile duct by a hepatic tumor or bile stones}}Effect on stool?{{c1::- cause…
Published	11/02/2024	Neonatal jaundice is from {{c1::reduced UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity}} in newborns.Gilbert syndrome is from {{c1::mild decrease in the acti…
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