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L13 & L14 - Second Messenger Signaling, Catalytic Receptor and Steroid Signaling
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butter-delta-hawaii-virginia-summer-beryllium
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Published
11/02/2024
The plasmalemma is a {{c1::selectively permeable}} barrier
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11/02/2024
Passive transport involves the movement of molecules {{c1::down}} a concentration gradient. Active transport involves the movement of molecules {{c1::…
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11/02/2024
Can hydrophobic molecules diffuse through the plasmalemma
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11/02/2024
What molecules tend to cross cells via simple diffusion
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11/02/2024
What is osmosis
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An {{c1::iso}}tonic solution refers to a solution with an equimolar solute concentration to the cell. There is {{c1::no net}} change observed in cell …
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A {{c1::hyper}}tonic solution is one in which the solution has a higher ion concentration than the cell, resulting in a net decrease in cell volume
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A {{c1::hypo}}tonic solution is one with a lower solute concentration than cells. This results in a net {{c1::increase}} in cell volume
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What is passive transport, what are some examples of it, and what are two other terms used to describe it
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two specific passive transport channels
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active transport
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primary active transport
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How does the Na/K pump work
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Secondary active transport relies {{c1::indirectly}} on the hydrolysis of ATP to generate a {{c1::concentration gradient to power the cotransport (sym…
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glucose transport can be insulin {{c1::insensitive or insulin sensitive}}
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Insulin insensitive transport is utilized primarily by {{c1::blood}} cells, {{c1::neurons}}, and {{c1::hepatocytes}}
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Insulin-dependent transport is facilitated through the transcytosis of GLUT-{{c1::4}} channels to the plasmalemma of {{c1::skeletal muscle}} and {{c1:…
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how many glucose transporters are there and what is their distribution
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how is glucose absorbed in the gut
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Glucose is absorbed into GI enterocytes via {{c1::an SGLT1 Na-Glucose/Galactose symporter}}.
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can sodium in the GI lumen passively diffuse back into intestinal epithelial cells?
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11/02/2024
In the basal domain of enterocytes are monosaccharide {{c1::GLUT-2}} channels that can secrete {{c1::glucose, fructose, and galactose}} into the under…
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11/02/2024
In designing drugs, what factors should be kept in mind
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rate of uptake via simple diffiusion follows what sort of curve
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what is the cellular recipient of a chemical signal called
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G-protein coupled receptors are {{c1::mono}}meric proteins that span the plasma membrane {{c1::7}} times and have an extracellular {{c1::ligand-bindin…
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Each G protein is a {{c1::heterotr}}imer composed of {{c1::α, β, and γ}} subunits
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Basic mechanism of g protein signalling
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The {{c1::α}}-subunit of the G protein possesses intrinsic {{c1::GTPase}} activity and dissociates from the β and γ subunits upon binding {{c1::GTP}}
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G protein intracellular signalling is mediated by {{c1::second messengers}}
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what do second messengers regulate
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What is the final result of a g protein receptor activation
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What are three common G protein-regulated intracellular enzymes?{{c1::adenylyl cyclasephospholipase Cguanalyl cyclase}}
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what is the second messenger produced by adenyl cyclase
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cAMP causes an upregulation in the activities of both {{c1::PKA::protein}} and {{c1::CFTR chloride channels::membrane channel}}
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how does cAMP regulate PKA
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what is the direct effect of cholera toxin
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Protein kinase A is a {{c1::ser/thr}} kinase
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11/02/2024
what is the abnormal protein implicated in cystic fibrosis
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11/02/2024
Bordetella pertussis toxin primarily affects cells through the {{c1::inactivation of Giα proteins}}. This results in {{c1::an indirect upregulati…
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11/02/2024
What bacterial species causes whooping cough?{{c1::bordetella pertussis}}
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G proteins can either stimulate or inhibit what?
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What G protein regulates phospholipase C activity?{{c1::Gqα-GTP}}
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Phospholipase C serves to cleave {{c1::IP3}} and {{c1::DAG}} from a molecule of {{c1::PIP2}} bound to the plasma membrane
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Phospholipase C activation causes the liberation of {{c1::IP3}} and {{c1::DAG}} (membrane bound) from {{c1::PIP2}}
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{{c1::IP3}} is a secondary messenger that can diffuse to the ER and stimulate the release of Ca2+ secondary messengers
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11/02/2024
As a secondary messenger, Ca2+ functions to bind {{c1::calmodulin}}, activate {{c1::PKC (along with DAG)}}, and can facilitate {{c1::smooth muscl…
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11/02/2024
PKC is a serine/threonine kinase activated by the binding of {{c1::DAG}} and {{c1::Ca2+}}
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PKC is a {{c1::ser/thr}} kinase
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The end effect of phospholipase C activation is1. {{c1::activation of PKC through DAG and Ca2+}}2. {{c1::activation of proteins dependent on Ca2+-calm…
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11/02/2024
what are catalytic receptors
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11/02/2024
Adaptor proteins all contain either an {{c1::SH-2}} or an {{c1::SH-3}} domain
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11/02/2024
What domain of the adaptor protein directly binds phosphotyrosine?{{c1::SH-2}}
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11/02/2024
{{c1::Ras}} is a monomeric G-protein-like enzyme that activates the {{c1::MAPK}} pathway
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11/02/2024
Mutations in Ras have been implicated in {{c1::30}}% of tumors
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how does Ras function
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Which phosphorylations are longer lived? ser/thr or tyr?{{c1::ser/thr}}
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what is the final enzyme of the MAP kinase cascade, what happens to it, and what does this cause?
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STAT monomers are activated by {{c1::tyrosine}}-phosphorylation and subsequent {{c1::dimerization}}
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11/02/2024
PI3K is activated by binding {{c1::phospho-tyrosines}} and phosphorylates molecules of {{c1::PIP2}} to {{c1::PIP3}}
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11/02/2024
what is the function of PIP3
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function of PIP3 in cell survival
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PIP3 can be dephosphorylated back to PIP2 by the enzyme {{c1::PTEN}}
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What molecules utilize receptor associated tyrosine kinases?{{c1::interluekinsinterferonsprolactingrowth hormone}}
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what are some examples of non-receptor tyr kinases
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Src is a {{c1::receptor associated tyrosine}} kinase that phosphorylates {{c1::FAK}}
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11/02/2024
The janus (JAK) protein is a {{c1::receptor-associated tyrosine}} kinase
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what mediates insulin signalling
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what does the activated tyrosine kinase receptor of insulin do
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how many IRS proteins are known, where are they expressed?
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how does insulin generate different effects in different tissues
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11/02/2024
After phosphorylating itself, the insulin receptor phosphorylates {{c1::tyrosine}} residues of the IRS proteins.
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11/02/2024
Phosphorylated IRS (insulin receptor substrate) proteins can be bound by {{c1::SH-2}} domain proteins like {{c1::STATs}}, {{c1::PI3K}}, and {{c1::Ras …
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11/02/2024
It is generally believed that the translocation of GLUT4 (insulin-dependent glucose transporter) channels in adipose and skeletal muscle is mediated b…
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11/02/2024
What are the two types of steroid signalling?{{c1::NISS (nuclear-initiated)MISS (membrane-initiated)}}
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11/02/2024
Which form of steroid receptor signalling generates more rapid responses? {{c1::MISS::NISS/MISS}}
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examples of steroid signalling molecules (6)
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The targets of intracellular steroid hormone signalling are typically {{c1::ligand-activated transcription factors}}
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Receptors of membrane initiated steroid signalling typically localize to {{c1::caveolae invaginations}} of the plasma membrane
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MISS binding can induce
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the MAPK cascade uses what type of phosphorylation
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SH-3 (src homology 3) domains are capable of binding to {{c1::SH-2 domain-containing proteins}}.
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Describe the basic structure of a NISS receptor protein{{c1::}}
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11/02/2024
Match the following intracellular proteins to their downstream targets and type of receptor if indicated:{{c1::Jak}} : {{c2::STAT}} - {{c3::(receptor …
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Last Update
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