Notes in 7 Lipid Metabolism

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Published	07/30/2024	salivary enzymes are {{c1::water}}-based, hence they have {{c1::little}} effect on water-insoluble substances
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c1::infants}}, salivary lipase plays a more major role in lipid digestion
Published	07/30/2024	Breast milk is easily emulsified since it is already in {{c1::emulsion}} and contains {{c1::lipase}}
Published	07/30/2024	TAG digestion occurs first in the stomach and is mostly {{c1::physical::physical/chemical}}
Published	07/30/2024	Chyme is a thick semi-liquid material made up of small {{c1::TAG}} globules, other partially digested food, and gastric secretions
Published	07/30/2024	Food remain longer in the stomach if it contains {{c1::high}} amounts of fat and thus the person feels fuller for longer period of time
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::fatty acid micelle}} is a micelle in which fatty acids and/or monoacylglycerols and some bile are present
Published	07/30/2024	Chylomicrons are directly transported from the enterocytes to the {{c1::lymphatic system via lacteals}}
Published	07/30/2024	95% of the core lipids present in a chylomicron are {{c2::TAGs}}
Published	07/30/2024	Lipoprotein lipases are located on the {{c1::endothelium of blood vessels}} in muscle and other tissues that use fatty acids
Published	07/30/2024	Within {{c1::2 hours::time}} after a meal, blood chylomicron levels begin to rise
Published	07/30/2024	Within {{c1::4–6 hours::time}} after a meal, blood chylomicron levels reaches its peak and rapidly drops
Published	07/30/2024	TAGs in the body are part of lipoprotein particles in most types of cells except {{c1::adipocytes}}
Published	07/30/2024	What secondary messenger activates hormone sensitive lipase?{{c1::cAMP}}
Published	07/30/2024	Before stored TAGs in adipocytes are mobilized in the bloodstream, they must first be {{c1::hydrolyzed into glycerol + FFA}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Triacylglycerol mobilization}} is the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols stored in adipose tissue, followed by release into the bloodstream of the f…
Published	07/30/2024	What is the human body's major source of stored energy?{{c1::Triacylglycerol (84.3%)}}*bonus: followed by what?
Published	07/30/2024	1. Hydrolysis in digestive tract (pancreatic lipase)2. Esterified in enterocytes3. Hydrolysis in bloodstream (lipoprotein lipase)4. Esterified in adip…
Published	07/30/2024	In TAG mobilization from adipocytes dietary TAGs undergo hydrolysis for the {{c1::third}} time
Published	07/30/2024	Triacylglycerol reserves would enable the average person to survive starvation for about {{c1::30 days::time}}, given sufficient water
Published	07/30/2024	Glycerol mobilized from adipocytes enter the {{c1::liver or kidneys::organ}} where it is catabolyzed
Published	07/30/2024	In the liver or kidneys, a 2 step process converts glycerol into {{c1::dihydroxyacetone phosphate}} which enters the glycolytic pathway
Published	07/30/2024	In the first step of glycerol metabolism, {{c1::glycerol}} is phosphorylated by {{c1::ATP}} to produce {{c2::glycerol 3-phosphate}} and {{c2::ADP}} vi…
Published	07/30/2024	Conversion of glycerol to glycerol 3-phosphate consumes {{c1::1 ATP}}
Published	07/30/2024	In the second step of glycerol metabolism, {{c1::glycerol 3-phosphate}} is oxidized by {{c1::NAD+}} to produce {{c2::dihydroxyacetone phosphate}}…
Published	07/30/2024	Conversion of glycerol 3-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate consumes {{c1::1 NAD+}} (gluconeogenesis from glycerol)
Published	07/30/2024	Metabolism of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone phosphate produces a net result of{{c1::1 dihydroxyacetone phosphate1 ADP1 NADH + 1 H+::4}}
Published	07/30/2024	Before β-oxidation can occur, the fatty acid must first be {{c1::activated}} and shuttled into the {{c2::mitochondrial matrix}}
Published	07/30/2024	Where does fatty acid activation occur in the cell?{{c1::Outer mitochondrial membrane}}
Published	07/30/2024	In the outer mitochondrial membrane, {{c1::free fatty acids}} are activated by {{c1::CoA-SH}} into {{c2::Acyl CoA}} via the enzyme {{c3::acyl coA synt…
Published	07/30/2024	Fatty acid activation consumes {{c1::1 ATP (but effectively 2 ATP)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Fatty acid {{c2::activation}} requires the expenditure of {{c1::2::n}} high-energy phosphate bonds from ATP
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Acyl CoA}} is a random-length fatty acid carbon chain that is covalently bonded to CoA-SH
Published	07/30/2024	Where does β-oxidation occur in the cell?{{c1::mitochondrial matrix}}
Published	07/30/2024	fatty acid β-oxidation is a repeated sequence of {{c1::4::n}} reactions to form molecules of acetyl CoA
Published	07/30/2024	Which carbon in this fatty acid chain is the β carbon?{{c1::::}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::β-oxidation pathway}} is a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions that degrade acyl CoA (activated fatty acid chain) to acetyl CoA by r…
Published	07/30/2024	1. Dehydrogenation (acyl CoA dehydrogenase)2. Hydration (Enoyl CoA hydratase)3. Dehydrogenation (β-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase)4. Thiolysis (Thiolas…
Published	07/30/2024	In the first step of fatty acid β-oxidation, {{c1::Acyl CoA}} is oxidized by {{c1::FAD}} to produce {{c2::trans-Enoyl CoA}} and {{c2::FADH2}} via the …
Published	07/30/2024	Conversion of Acyl CoA to trans-Enoyl CoA consumes {{c1::1 FAD}} (fattya cid β-oxidation step {{c1::1}})
Published	07/30/2024	In the second step of fatty acid β-oxidation, {{c1::trans-Enoyl CoA}} is hydrated to produce {{c2::L-β-Hydroxyacyl CoA}} via the enzyme {{c3…
Published	07/30/2024	In the third step of fatty acid β-oxidation, {{c1::L-β-Hydroxyacyl CoA}} is oxidized by {{c1::NAD+}} to produce {{c2::β-Ketoacyl CoA}} and {{c2::…
Published	07/30/2024	Using NAD+ as an oxidizing agent to produce... always produces how many H+?2° alcohol → Ketone = {{c1::1::n}} H+Aldehyde → Carboxylate = {{c1::2::n}} …
Published	07/30/2024	In the fourth step of fatty acid β-oxidation, {{c1::β-Ketoacyl CoA}} is cleaved by {{c1::CoA–SH}} to produce {{c2::Acetyl CoA}} and {{c4::Acyl Co…
Published	07/30/2024	One sequence of β-oxidation produces a gross result of:{{c1::1 acetyl CoA1 FADH21 NADH + 1 H+::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	Acyl CoA dehydrogenase is stereospecific to produce only {{c1::trans double bond}} isomers
Published	07/30/2024	A Cn(even) fatty acid will undergo how many repititions of β-oxidation? repititions = {{c1::(n/2)-1}}
Published	07/30/2024	A Cn(even) fatty acid will produce how many acetyl CoA? # = {{c1::(n/2)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Practice: Give the following for the complete β-oxidation of 1 mole of stearic acid (18:0) repititions: {{c1::8::n}}acetyl CoA: {{c1::9::moles}}NADH:…
Published	07/30/2024	Conversion of trans-Enoyl CoA to L-β-Hydroxyacyl CoA consumes {{c1::1 H2O}}
Published	07/30/2024	Conversion of L-β-Hydroxyacyl CoA to β-Ketoacyl CoA consumes {{c1::1 NAD+}}
Published	07/30/2024	Conversion of β-Ketoacyl CoA to Acetyl CoA to consumes {{c1::1 CoA-SH}} (fatty acid β-oxidation step {{c1::4}})
Published	07/30/2024	β-Hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase is stereospecific to {{c1::L}} isomers
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::cis}} double bond, when hydrated, produces a {{c2::D}}-hydroxy product
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::trans}} double bond, when hydrated, produces a {{c2::L}}-hydroxy product
Published	07/30/2024	Which step in β-oxidation involves additional steps for processing a double bond in unsaturated fatty acids?{{c1::Step 2 (Hydration via Enoyl CoA hydr…
Published	07/30/2024	Which step in fatty acid β-oxidation is skipped in processing a double bond in an unsaturated fatty acid?{{c1::Step 1 (Dehydrogenation via Acyl CoA de…
Published	07/30/2024	If a cis double bond occupies an {{c1::even}}-numbered position in the fatty acid chain, the enzyme {{c2::epimerase}} effects a configurational change…
Published	07/30/2024	If a cis double bond occupies an {{c1::odd}}-numbered position in the fatty acid chain, the enzyme {{c2::cis-trans isomerase}} effects a configuration…
Published	07/30/2024	Because {{c1::β-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase exhibits absolute stereospecificity to L-β-hydroxyacyl CoA::long answer}}, the enzyme {{c2::epimerase}} …
Published	07/30/2024	Because {{c1::Enoyl CoA hydratase can only hydrate even-positioned double bonds::long answer}}, the enzyme {{c2::cis-trans isomerase}} should first mo…
Published	07/30/2024	Practice: Give the following for the complete β-oxidation of 1 mole of oleic acid (18:1 Δ(9))repititions: {{c1::8::n}}acetyl CoA: {{c1::9::moles}}NADH…
Published	07/30/2024	For every double bond in an unsaturated fatty acid, {{c1::1 fewer FADH2}} is produced in its β-oxidation as compared to that of saturated fatty acids
Published	07/30/2024	What is preferred fuel of skeletal muscles?{{c1::glucose in an active state, fatty acid in a resting state}}
Published	07/30/2024	What is preferred fuel of cardiac muscles?{{c1::fatty acids → ketone bodies → glucose → lactate}}
Published	07/30/2024	What is preferred fuel of the liver?{{c1::fatty acids}}
Published	07/30/2024	What is preferred fuel of the brain?{{c1::glucose → ketone bodies}}
Published	07/30/2024	Aside from ATP, products produced from β-oxidation also produces large amounts of {{c1::water}}
Published	07/30/2024	Oxaloacetate concentration depends on the activity of the enzyme {{c1::pyruvate carboxylase}}
Published	07/30/2024	In states of {{c2::inadequate}} dietary {{c3::carbohydrates}}, high levels of produced acetyl CoA is diverted to {{c1::ketogenesis}} instead…
Published	07/30/2024	Ketogenesis occurs during/because of {{c1::prolonged starvation}}, {{c2::diabetic ketoacidosis}}, {{c3::high-fat low-carb}} diet, and {{c4::alcoholism…
Published	07/30/2024	Ketogenesis occurs if there is high acetyl CoA but low {{c1::oxaloacetate}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ketone bodies }} are produced from acetyl CoA when an excess of acetyl CoA from fatty acid degradation accumulates because of triacylglycer…
Published	07/30/2024	Ketone bodiesAcetoacetate - C{{c1::4::n}}β-Hydroxybutyrate - C{{c1::4::n}}Acetone - C{{c1::3::n}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which ketone body have the smallest concentration?{{c1::Acetone}}
Published	07/30/2024	1. Condensation (Thiolase) → C42. Condensation (HMG-CoA synthase) → C63. Cleavage or Lysis (HMG-CoA lyase) → C44. Hydrogenation or reduction (β-Hydrox…
Published	07/30/2024	In the first step of ketogenesis, {{c1::acetyl CoA}} is combined with {{c1::acetyl CoA}} to produce {{c2::acetoacetyl CoA}} via the enzyme {{c3::thiol…
Published	07/30/2024	In the second step of ketogenesis, {{c1::acetoacetyl CoA}} is combined with {{c1::acetyl CoA}} to produce {{c2::HMG-CoA}} and {{c2::CoA–SH}} via …
Published	07/30/2024	In the third step of ketogenesis, {{c1::HMG-CoA}} is cleaved to produce {{c2::acetoacetate}} and {{c2::acetyl CoA}} via the enzyme {{c3::HMG-CoA …
Published	07/30/2024	In the fourth step of ketogenesis, {{c1::acetoacetate}} is reduced by {{c1::NADH}} to produce {{c2::β-hydroxybutyrate}} and {{c2::NAD+}} via the …
Published	07/30/2024	Conversion of acetoacetate to β-hydroxybutyrate consumes {{c1::NADH}}
Published	07/30/2024	What enzyme converts acetoacetate to β-hydroxybutyrate?{{c1::β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (reduction)}}
Published	07/30/2024	What enzyme converts acetoacetate to β-acetone?{{c1::acetoacetate decarboxylase (decarboyxlation)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Can the liver utilize ketone bodies?{{c1::No. Lacks succinyl CoA transferase}}
Published	07/30/2024	Are ketone bodies water soluble?{{c1::Yes. thus they don't need protein carriers}}
Published	07/30/2024	What is preferred fuel of the renal cortex?{{c1::ketone bodies → glucose}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ketosis is the body condition in which high levels of ketone bodies are present in {{c1::both the blood and urine::fluids}}
Published	07/30/2024	In extrahepatic tissue, {{c1::acetoacetate}} is activated by {{c1::succinyl CoA}} to produce {{c2::acetoacetyl CoA}} and {{c2::succinate}} via the enz…
Published	07/30/2024	In extrahepatic tissue, {{c1::acetoacetyl coA}} is cleaved to produce {{c2::2 moles of acetyl CoA}} via the enzyme {{c3::thiolase}}
Published	07/30/2024	Conversion of acetoacetate to acetone occurs in the {{c1::bloodstream}}
Published	07/30/2024	Lipogenesis is the metabolic pathway by which fatty acids are synthesized from {{c1::acetyl CoA}}
Published	07/30/2024	Where in the cell does lipogenesis occur?{{c1::Cytosol}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Fatty acid synthase}} is a {{c2::7::n}}-enzyme complex that catalyzes fatty acid synthesis using vitamin {{c3::B5 (pantothenic acid)}} as a cofa…
Published	07/30/2024	In what organs does lipogenesis primarily occur?{{c1::Liver, adipose tissue, mammary glands::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	Is the outer mitochondrial matrix permeable to acetyl CoA?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	07/30/2024	Is the inner mitochondrial matrix permeable to acetyl CoA?{{c1::No}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cytosolic {{c1::acetyl CoA}} and {{c1::oxaloacetate}} is cleaved from {{c2::citrate}} via the enzyme {{c3::citrate lyase}} (lipogenesis)
Published	07/30/2024	Cleavage of citrate to acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate consumes {{c1::1 ATP}} (lipogenesis)
Published	07/30/2024	Conversion of oxaloacetate to malate consumes {{c1::1 NADH}}
Published	07/30/2024	Whereas cytosolic acetyl CoA formed from citrate enters lipogenesis, oxaloacetate is reduced to {{c1::malate}} which is either {{c2::reconverted to ox…
Published	07/30/2024	The structure Acyl carrier protein (ACP) involves: 2-ethanethiol and pantothenic acid components (present in CoA–SH) which are attachedto a {{c1:…
Published	07/30/2024	Reaction of {{c1::acetyl CoA}} with {{c1::ACP-SH}} produces {{c2::acetyl ACP}} via the enzyme {{c3::acetyl transferase}} (lipogenesis)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Acetyl CoA}} is carboxylated to produce {{c2::Malonyl CoA}} via the enzyme {{c3::acetyl CoA carboxylase}} (lipogenesis)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Malonyl CoA}} reacts with {{c1::ACP–SH}} to produce {{c4::malonyl ACP}} via the enzyme {{c3::malonyl transferase}} (lipogenesis)
Published	07/30/2024	What is the activated form of acetyl CoA (lipogenesis)?{{c1::malonyl CoA}}
Published	07/30/2024	1. Condensation2. Hydrogenation (reduction)3. Dehydration4. Hydrogenation (reduction)
Published	07/30/2024	In the first step of chain elongation (lipogenesis), {{c1::acetyl ACP}} combines with {{c1::malonyl ACP}} via condensation to produce {{c2::acetoacety…
Published	07/30/2024	In the second step of chain elongation (lipogenesis), {{c1::acetoacetyl ACP}} is reduced by {{c1::NADPH}} to produce {{c2::β-hydroxybutyryl ACP}}…
Published	07/30/2024	In the third step of chain elongation (lipogenesis), {{c1::β-hydroxybutyryl ACP}} is dehydrated to produce {{c2::crotonyl ACP}} and {{c2::water}}
Published	07/30/2024	In the fourth step of chain elongation (lipogenesis), {{c1::crotonyl ACP}} is reduced by {{c1::NADPH}} to produce {{c2::butyryl ACP}} and {{c2::N…
Published	07/30/2024	Lipogenesis stops when the acyl group chain reaches a length of C{{c1::16 (palmitic acid)::n}}
Published	07/30/2024	Conversion of Acetoacetyl ACP to β-Hydroxybutyryl ACP consumes {{c1::NADPH}}
Published	07/30/2024	Condensation of Acetyl ACP and Malonyl ACP to Acetoacetyl ACP also produces {{c1::CO2 and ACP-SH::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Conversion of Crotonyl ACP to Butyryl ACP consumes {{c1::NADPH}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::a}}
Published	07/30/2024	Oxidation of saturated fatty acids into unsaturated fatty acids require (lipogenesis) the coenzymes {{c1::NADPH}} and molecular {{c1::O2}}
Published	07/30/2024	In humans and animals, lipogenic enzymes can only produce double bonds between {{c1::C4–C5}} and {{c1::C9–C10}} in a fatty acid chain
Published	07/30/2024	Can glucose be converted to fatty acids?{{c1::Yes (glucose → pyruvate → acetyl CoA)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Can fatty acids be converted to glucose?{{c1::No. No enzyme for acetyl CoA ⇒ pyruvate (for gluconeogenesis)}}
Published	07/30/2024	In lipogenesis what is the carrier of the 2C used to biosynthesize fatty acids?{{c1::Malonyl ACP}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Acetoacetate}} is a {{c2::β-keto}}-derivative of {{c3::butyrate}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::β-hydroxybutyrate}} is a {{c2::β-monohydroxy}}-derivative of {{c3::butyrate}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Crotonate}} is a {{c2::trans-unsaturated}}-derivative of {{c3::butyrate}}
Published	07/30/2024	Memory AidThe last 4 intermediates of the TCA cycle are{{c1::saturated}} C4 diacid{{c1::unsaturated}} C4 diacid{{c1::hydroxy}} C4 diacid{{c1::keto}} C…
Published	07/30/2024	Memory AidThe 4 intermediates of the chain elongation in lipogenesis are{{c1::keto}} C4 monoacid{{c1::hydroxy}} C4 monoacid{{c1::unsaturated}} C4 mono…
Published	07/30/2024	Acetyl CoA from fatty acid oxidation cannot be used for net increase in glucose (gluconeogenesis) for 2 reasons:1. {{c1::Pyruvate → acetyl CoA (via PD…
Published	07/30/2024	Depending on needs, and energy balance, Acetyl CoA (from β-oxidation) can proceed to:1. {{c1::TCA cycle}}2. {{c1::ketogenesis}}3. {{c1::lipogenes…
Published	07/30/2024	Cholesterol synthesis primarily occurs in the {{c1::liver}}
Published	07/30/2024	B vitamins essential in lipid metabolism{{c1::Panthothenic Acid (CoA–SH, ACP–SH)Riboflavin (FAD)Niacin (NAD+, NADH, NADPH)Biotin::4}}
Published	07/30/2024	Relationship among TCA cycle, fatty acid β-oxidation, and lipogenesis mnemonic:{{c1::co g61-4 = Fart (FAD)72-3 = Here (H2O)83-2 = Now (NAD+)just remem…
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