Notes in Chapter_24:_Breast

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/07/2024	The breasts are formed from the {{c1::ecto}}derm milk streak
Published	07/07/2024	The hormone {{c2::estrogen}} is responsible for breast {{c1::duct}} development
Published	07/07/2024	The hormone {{c2::progesterone}} is responsible for breast {{c1::lobular}} development
Published	07/07/2024	The hormone {{c1::prolactin}} is responsible for synergizing estrogen and progesterone
Published	07/07/2024	Cyclic breast swelling and growth of glandular tissue is mediated by {{c1::estrogen}}
Published	07/07/2024	Maturation of breast glandular tissue is mediated by {{c1::progesterone}}
Published	07/07/2024	The blood supply to the serratus anterior muscle is the {{c1::lateral thoracic}} artery
Published	07/07/2024	The latissimus dorsi muscle is innervated by the {{c1::thoracodorsal}} nerve
Published	07/07/2024	The latissimus dorsi muscle helps in arm {{c1::internal}} rotation and {{c1::ad}}duction
Published	07/07/2024	The blood supply to the latissimus dorsi is from the {{c1::thoracodorsal}} artery
Published	07/07/2024	The {{c1::medial}} pectoral nerve innervates both the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor
Published	07/07/2024	The {{c2::lateral}} pectoral nerve innervates the pectoralis {{c1::major}} only
Published	07/07/2024	The lateral cutaneous branch of the 2nd intercostal nerve is the {{c1::intercostobrachial}} nerve, which provides sensation to the medial arm and axil…
Published	07/07/2024	The blood supply of the breast{{c1::Lateral thoracic}} artery{{c2::Internal thoracic}} artery{{c3::Intercostal}} arteries{{c4::Thoracoacromial}} arter…
Published	07/07/2024	Breast cancer can metastasize to the spine via {{c1::Batson's}} plexus
Published	07/07/2024	Most (97%) of the lymphatic drainage of the breast goes to the {{c1::axillary}} nodes,but a small percentage (2%) goes to the {{c2::internal mammary}}…
Published	07/07/2024	Involvement of the {{c2::supraclavicular}} node in breast cancer is considered stage {{c1::N3}} disease
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of primary axillary adenopathy is {{c1::lymphoma}}
Published	07/07/2024	The suspensory ligaments of the breast are known as {{c1::Cooper's}} ligaments
Published	07/07/2024	Breast cancer involving Cooper's ligaments can cause {{c1::dimpling}} of the skin
Published	07/07/2024	The organism most commonly associated with breast abscesses is {{c1::Staphylococcus aureus}}
Published	07/07/2024	Treatment for breast abscesses involves antibiotics, breast pump, and {{c1::drainage}}
Published	07/07/2024	Should breast feeding be discontinued with a breast abscess?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	07/07/2024	A breast abscess that fails to resolve after {{c1::2}} week(s) gets an excisional biopsy
Published	07/07/2024	The organism most commonly associated with infectious mastitis is {{c1::Staphylococcus aureus}}
Published	07/07/2024	Should you discontinue breast feeding with infectious mastitis?{{c1::No}}
Published	07/07/2024	Mammary duct ectasia is also known as plasma cell mastitis and {{c1::periductal mastitis}}
Published	07/07/2024	The main risk factors for periductal mastitis are smoking and {{c1::nipple piercings}}
Published	07/07/2024	Accessory breast tissue is known as {{c2::polymastia}}, and the most common location is the {{c1::axilla}}
Published	07/07/2024	Accessory nipples are known as {{c2::polythelia}} and can be found anywhere from the {{c1::axilla}} to the {{c1::groin}}
Published	07/07/2024	Breast reduction surgery often interferes with the ability to {{c1::lactate}}
Published	07/07/2024	An embryologic defect characterized by hypoplasia of the chest wall without breast tissue or a pectoralis major muscle is known as {{c1::Poland syndro…
Published	07/07/2024	Poland syndrome is more common in {{c2::males::gender}} and on the {{c1::right}} side of the body
Published	07/07/2024	Pain in the breast is known as {{c1::mastodynia}}
Published	07/07/2024	Continuous mastodynia is {{c1::more}} refractory to treatment than cyclic mastodynia(more or less)
Published	07/07/2024	Superficial vein thrombophlebitis of the breast is known as {{c1::Mondor's disease}} and is treated with {{c2::NSAIDs}}
Published	07/07/2024	The only types of fibrocystic disease with increased cancer risk are {{c1::atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH)}} and {{c2::lobular hyperplasia}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of bloody nipple discharge is {{c1::intraductal papilloma}}
Published	07/07/2024	Intraductal papillomas are located via {{c1::contrast ductogram}} and then resected
Published	07/07/2024	The most common breast lesion in adolescents and young women is {{c1::fibroadenoma}}
Published	07/07/2024	Prominent fibrous tissue compressing epithelial cells on breast histology is characteristic of {{c1::fibroadenoma}}
Published	07/07/2024	Fibroadenomas can be observed in patients under 40 if all 3 criteria are met:1) {{c3::mass feels benign}}2) {{c2::imaging consistent with fibroadenoma…
Published	07/07/2024	Fibroadenomas in patients older than {{c2::40}} are treated with {{c1::excisional biopsy}}
Published	07/07/2024	Nipple discharges that are concerning for breast cancer are {{c2::serous}} discharge and {{c1::spontaneous}} discharge
Published	07/07/2024	Is ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) considered a premalignant lesion?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most aggressive subtype of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is the {{c1::comedo pattern}} and this is treated with {{c2::simple mastectom…
Published	07/07/2024	There is an increased risk of recurrence of DCIS with comedo type and lesions greater than {{c1::2.5}} cm in size
Published	07/07/2024	Treatment of simple ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is typically {{c1::lumpectomy}} with 1 cm margins and XRT
Published	07/07/2024	Do you need axillary lymph node dissection for DCIS?{{c1::No}}
Published	07/07/2024	Do you need sentinel lymph node biopsy for DCIS?{{c1::No}}
Published	07/07/2024	The risk of getting cancer in unresected {{c2::lobular}} carcinoma in situ is {{c1::40}}% in the ipsilateral b…
Published	07/07/2024	The risk of getting cancer in unresected {{c2::ductal}} carcinoma in situ is {{c1::50}}% in the ipsilateral br…
Published	07/07/2024	Is lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) considered a premalignant lesion?{{c1::No}}
Published	07/07/2024	Are patients with lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) more likely to get lobular carcinoma or ductal carcinoma?{{c1::Ductal (70%)}}
Published	07/07/2024	Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is typically treated with nothing, anti-{{c1::estrogenic}} drugs, or bilateral mastectomy
Published	07/07/2024	The prevalence of breast cancer is {{c1::de}}creased in economically poor areas
Published	07/07/2024	In the US, the risk for breast cancer is 1 in {{c1::8}} women
Published	07/07/2024	Screening for breast cancer decreases mortality by {{c1::25}}%
Published	07/07/2024	What percentage of breast cancer will be missed by mammogram/ultrasound?{{c1::10%}}
Published	07/07/2024	If a core needle biopsy or fine needle aspiration is inconclusive for a symptomatic breast mass, the next best step is {{c1::excisional biopsy}}
Published	07/07/2024	A complex or bloody cystic mass in the breast requires {{c1::excisional biopsy}}
Published	07/07/2024	The sensitivity and specificity of mammography is {{c1::90}}%
Published	07/07/2024	The sensitivity of mammography {{c1::in}}creases with increased age
Published	07/07/2024	The smallest size breast mass that can be detected by mammography is {{c1::5}} mm
Published	07/07/2024	The need for additional imaging due to inconclusive results is BI-RADS {{c1::0}}
Published	07/07/2024	A negative mammogram is BI-RADS {{c1::1}}
Published	07/07/2024	A benign finding on mammography is BI-RADS {{c1::2}}
Published	07/07/2024	Mammography findings that are defined as "probably benign" is BI-RADS {{c1::3}}
Published	07/07/2024	The likelihood of cancer for BI-RADS {{c2::3}} is greater than 0%, but less than {{c1::2}}%
Published	07/07/2024	The management of BI-RADS 3 mammography findings is {{c1::short term follow up}}
Published	07/07/2024	Mammography finding that is "suspicious" for breast cancer is BI-RADS {{c1::4}}
Published	07/07/2024	The next appropriate step in management for BI-RADS 4 mammography findings is {{c1::core needle biopsy}}
Published	07/07/2024	The likelihood of cancer for BI-RADS {{c2::4a}} is {{c1::2}}% to {{c1::10}}%
Published	07/07/2024	The likelihood of cancer for BI-RADS {{c2::4b}} is {{c1::10}}% to {{c1::50}}%
Published	07/07/2024	The likelihood of cancer for BI-RADS {{c2::4c}} is from {{c1::50}}% to {{c1::95}}%
Published	07/07/2024	Mammography finding that is highly suggestive of malignancy is BI-RADS {{c1::5}}
Published	07/07/2024	The management of BI-RADS 5 is {{c1::core needle biopsy}}
Published	07/07/2024	The likelihood of cancer for BI-RADS {{c2::5}} is greater than {{c1::95}}%
Published	07/07/2024	The management of BI-RADS 1 and 2 is {{c1::routing screening}}
Published	07/07/2024	The management of BI-RADS 0 is {{c1::further testing}}
Published	07/07/2024	Biopsy proven breast cancer is BI-RADS {{c1::6}}
Published	07/07/2024	If the core needle biopsy for BI-RADS 4 is benign, the patient should follow up in {{c1::6}} months
Published	07/07/2024	If the core needle biopsy for BI-RADS 4 is inconclusive, the next step is {{c1::excisional biopsy}}
Published	07/07/2024	If the core needle biopsy for BI-RADS 5 shows anything non-malignant, the next step is {{c1::excisional biopsy}}
Published	07/07/2024	The reason core needle biopsy is performed first for BI-RADS 4 and 5 instead of going straight to excisional biopsy is:1) {{c2::Sentinel lymph node bi…
Published	07/07/2024	High risk breast cancer patients should receive mammogram {{c1::10}} years before the diagnosis of breast cancer in their 1st degree relative
Published	07/07/2024	Lateral to the pectoralis minor muscle is breast node level {{c1::1}}
Published	07/07/2024	Beneath the pectoralis minor muscle is breast node level {{c1::2}}
Published	07/07/2024	Medial to the pectoralis minor muscle is breast node level {{c1::3}}
Published	07/07/2024	The nodes between the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles are known as {{c1::Rotter's}} nodes
Published	07/07/2024	During an axillary node dissection, which node levels are required to be taken?{{c1::1 and 2}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most important prognostic staging factor for breast cancer is {{c1::nodal involvement}}
Published	07/07/2024	0 positive nodes for breast cancer has a {{c1::75}}% 5-year survival rate
Published	07/07/2024	1-3 positive nodes for breast cancer has a {{c1::60}}% 5-year survival rate
Published	07/07/2024	4-10 positive nodes for breast cancer has a {{c1::40}}% 5-year survival rate
Published	07/07/2024	The most common site of distant metastasis for breast cancer is {{c1::bone}}
Published	07/07/2024	Central and subareolar breast tumors have increased risk of {{c1::multicentricity}}
Published	07/07/2024	BRCA mutations, multiple primary relatives with breast cancer, DCIS/LCIS, and atypical hyperplasia have {{c1::greatly}} increased risk for breast canc…
Published	07/07/2024	Prior breast cancer, radiation exposure, single relative with breast cancer, and age >35 at first birth have {{c1::moderately}} increased breast ca…
Published	07/07/2024	Early menarche, late menopause, nulliparity, proliferative benign disease, obesity, alcohol use, and HRT have {{c1::low}} increased risk for breast ca…
Published	07/07/2024	BRCA I has {{c1::equal}} lifetime risk for female breast cancer when compared to BRCA II
Published	07/07/2024	BRCA I has {{c1::higher}} lifetime risk for ovarian cancer when compared to BRCA II
Published	07/07/2024	BRCA I has {{c1::lower}} lifetime risk for male breast cancer when compared to BRCA II
Published	07/07/2024	Is BRCA positive breast cancer worse stage-for-stage than non-BRCA related cancer?{{c1::No}}
Published	07/07/2024	Breast carcinoma in situ is T{{c1::is}}
Published	07/07/2024	Breast tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension is T{{c1::1}}
Published	07/07/2024	Breast tumor between 2-5 cm in greatest dimension is T{{c1::2}}
Published	07/07/2024	Breast tumor more than 5 cm in greatest dimension is T{{c1::3}}
Published	07/07/2024	Breast tumor of any size extending to the chest wall is T{{c1::4}}
Published	07/07/2024	Breast tumor with {{c1::1 to 3}} axillary nodes involved is N1
Published	07/07/2024	Breast tumor with {{c1::4 to 9}} axillary nodes involved is N2
Published	07/07/2024	Breast tumor with {{c1::10 or more}} axillary nodes involved is N3
Published	07/07/2024	Not making cards over all the breast cancer stages{{c1:::)}}I would just know this: - T1 only is stage 1 - Stage 2 is anything with N1 or N0…
Published	07/07/2024	Yearly mammogram, breast MRI, pelvic exams, and CA-125 is offered to BRCA positive patients beginning at age {{c1::25}}
Published	07/07/2024	Prophylactic mastectomy can be considered in patients with family history of breast cancer, BRCA positivity, or {{c1::LCIS::histologic finding}}
Published	07/07/2024	Receptor-positive breast tumors are more common in {{c1::post}}-menopausal women
Published	07/07/2024	Progesterone only receptor-positive breast tumors have {{c1::better}} prognosis than estrogen only receptor-positive tumors(better or worse)
Published	07/07/2024	Stage for stage, HER2/neu positive breast cancer has a(n) {{c1::worse}} prognosis
Published	07/07/2024	Breast cancer in males is rarer and has a {{c1::worse}} prognosis
Published	07/07/2024	Male breast cancer has an increased risk of having {{c1::pectoral muscle}} involvement
Published	07/07/2024	4 subtypes of ductal breast cancer1) {{c1::Medullary}}2) {{c2::Tubular}}3) {{c3::Mucinous}}4) {{c4::Cirrhotic}}
Published	07/07/2024	The subtype of ductal breast cancer with the worst prognosis is {{c1::cirrhotic}}
Published	07/07/2024	The subtype of ductal breast cancer characterized by increased lymphocytes is the {{c1::medullary}} subtype
Published	07/07/2024	The subtype of ductal breast cancer characterized by small tubule formations is the {{c1::tubular}} subtype
Published	07/07/2024	The subtype of ductal breast cancer characterized by production of an abdundance of mucin is the {{c1::mucinous}} s…
Published	07/07/2024	Does lobular breast cancer form calcifications?{{c1::No}}
Published	07/07/2024	Lobular breast cancer with {{c1::signet ring}} cells confers a worse prognosis
Published	07/07/2024	No matter the size, {{c2::inflammatory}} breast cancer is automatically staged T{{c1::4}}
Published	07/07/2024	Dermal lymphatic invasion is characteristic of {{c1::inflammatory}} breast cancer
Published	07/07/2024	Biopsy for inflammatory breast cancer is a full thickness incisional biopsy that should include {{c1::skin}}
Published	07/07/2024	Which type of breast cancer is treated with neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemo?{{c1::Inflammatory breast cancer}}
Published	07/07/2024	Does a subcutaneous (simple) mastectomy remove all the breast tissue?{{c1::No}}
Published	07/07/2024	Subcutaneous (simple) mastectomy is typically used for {{c1::DCIS}} or {{c1::LCIS}}
Published	07/07/2024	The margins required for breast-conserving therapy (BCT) is {{c1::1}} cm
Published	07/07/2024	A modified radical mastectomy removes all breast tissue and a node dissection of level {{c1::1 and 2}} nodes
Published	07/07/2024	A radical mastectomy involves removing all breast tissue and lymph nodes, as well as the {{c1::pectoralis muscles}}
Published	07/07/2024	Contraindications to breast-conserving therapy (BCT){{c1:::)}}Not gonna make cards over all this because this would be hard to make into cards but you…
Published	07/07/2024	A sentinel lymph node biopsy is only indicated for malignant breast tumors greater than {{c1::1}} cm in size
Published	07/07/2024	Should patients with clinically positive lymph nodes undergo sentinel lymph node biopsy?{{c1::No}}
Published	07/07/2024	If no radiotracer or dye is found during sentinel lymph node biopsy, the next best step is {{c1::axillary lymph node dissection}}
Published	07/07/2024	Contraindications to sentinel lymph node biopsy include multicentric disease, neoadjuvant therapy, prior {{c1::axillary}} surgery, and inflammato…
Published	07/07/2024	Which level(s) of lymph nodes are taken during axillary lymph node dissection?{{c1::1 and 2}}
Published	07/07/2024	Sudden, early, postop swelling after axillary node dissection is concerning for {{c1::axillary vein thrombosis}}
Published	07/07/2024	Slow swelling over 18 months after axillary node dissection is concerning for {{c1::lymphatic fibrosis}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most commonly injured nerve after modified radical mastectomy and ALND is the {{c1::intercostobrachial}} nerve
Published	07/07/2024	Hyperesthesia of the inner arm and lateral chest wall after axillary node dissection is concerning for {{c1::intercostobrachial nerve injury}}
Published	07/07/2024	Drains left after mastectomy or axillary node dissection can be removed when the output is less than {{c1::40}} mL per day
Published	07/07/2024	Contraindications to breast radiotherapy include pregnancy, {{c2::scleroderma}}, {{c1::SLE}}, and active rheumatoid arthritis
Published	07/07/2024	Indications for radiotherapy after mastectomy include advanced nodal disease, {{c1::skin}}/{{c1::chest wall}} involvement, positive margins, and …
Published	07/07/2024	Radiotherapy can be begun after breast conserving therapy if there is {{c1::negative margins}}
Published	07/07/2024	Chemotherapy for breast cancer can be remembered with TAC{{c1::Taxanes}}{{c2::Adriamycin}}{{c3::Cyclophosphamide}}
Published	07/07/2024	All breast cancer with positive nodes gets treated with chemotherapy, except where a(n) {{c1::aromatase inhibitor}} is appropriate
Published	07/07/2024	Breast cancer {{c2::greater}} than 1 cm and negative nodes gets chemo, unless the breast cancer is {{c1::estrogen receptor positive}}
Published	07/07/2024	Breast cancer {{c1::less}} than 1 cm and negative nodes gets no chemo, only appropriate hormone therapy if estrogen…
Published	07/07/2024	After chemo is completed, should patients with estrogen positive breast cancer stop hormonal therapy?{{c1::No}}
Published	07/07/2024	Tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, and trastuzumab all decrease risk of breast cancer recurrence by {{c1::50}}%
Published	07/07/2024	Which breast cancer hormonal therapy causes increased risk of fractures?{{c1::Aromatase inhibitors}}
Published	07/07/2024	Which breast cancer hormonal therapy causes increased risk of blood clots and endometrial cancer?{{c1::Tamoxifen}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of death for women with recurrent breast cancer is {{c1::the breast cancer}}
Published	07/07/2024	The treatment for a metastatic flare of breast cancer is {{c1::radiation}}
Published	07/07/2024	Breast cancer that presents as axillary node metastasis with unknown primary location is known as {{c1::occult breast cancer}}
Published	07/07/2024	Paget's disease of the breast is diagnosed with {{c1::full thickness biopsy (including skin)}}
Published	07/07/2024	Phyllodes tumor, when malignant, spreads {{c1::hematogenously}}
Published	07/07/2024	Should axillary lymph node dissection be performed with phyllodes tumor?{{c1::No}}
Published	07/07/2024	Lymphangiosarcoma from chronic lymphedema after axillary dissection is known as {{c1::Stewart-Treves}} syndrome
Published	07/07/2024	The preferred imaging modality for a breast mass during pregnancy is {{c1::ultrasound}}
Published	07/07/2024	Is {{c2::methylene blue::contrast dye}} safe in pregnancy?{{c1::No}}
Status	Last Update	Fields