Notes in L16 - ECM & Cell Adhesion

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Published	11/02/2024	Proteoglycans are aggregates of a core protein with a covalently bound {{c1::glycosaminoglycan (GAG)}}
Published	11/02/2024	What makes GAGs slippery?
Published	11/02/2024	What pulls water into the ECM?
Published	11/02/2024	What allows the ECM to resist forces of tissue compression?
Published	11/02/2024	What results in proteoglycan monomers having a "bottle brush" appearance?
Published	11/02/2024	What creates the "fir tree" appearance of proteoglycan aggregates?
Published	11/02/2024	Collagen forms tough protein fibers that are resistant to {{c1::shearing}} forces
Published	11/02/2024	What is the most abundant type of protein in humans?
Published	11/02/2024	Collagen family proteins constitute {{c1::25}}% of total protein mass.Collagens are the chief proteins in {{c2::bone, tendon, and skin}}
Published	11/02/2024	Collagen molecules are made up of {{c1::3 polypeptide alpha chains}} that wind around each another
Published	11/02/2024	Every third AA in a polypeptide alpha chain of collagen is a {{c1::glycine}}
Published	11/02/2024	Why is every third AA in collagen chains a glycine?
Published	11/02/2024	GAGs are also known as:
Published	11/02/2024	What gives the cartilage matrix lining the knee it's resilience?
Published	11/02/2024	Packaging of collagen molecules within fibrils leads to a characteristic {{c1::repeating structure with a banding pattern}}
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Published	11/02/2024	What is the final step of collagen synthesis, after tropocollagen molecules have assembled into fibrils and form a banding pattern?
Published	11/02/2024	In the RER, right after the pro alpha collagen chain is synthesized, select {{c1::prolines}} and {{c1::lysines}} of the chain undergo {{c1::vitamin C}…
Published	11/02/2024	Second only to collagen, the other major fibrous protein in the ECM is {{c1::elastin}}
Published	11/02/2024	Is elastin a glycoprotein?
Published	11/02/2024	Elastin consists of {{c1::small, nonpolar}} amino acid residues such as {{c1::Gly, Ala, Val}}
Published	11/02/2024	Elastin is rich in {{c1::Pro and Lys}}, but contains very little {{c1::hydroxyproline and NO hydroxylysine}}
Published	11/02/2024	Are elastin molecules triple helical?
Published	11/02/2024	Once secreted into the extracellular space, newly synthesized {{c1::tropoelastin}} interacts with glycoprotein microfibrils including {{c1::fibrillin}…
Published	11/02/2024	Side chains of some lysine amino acid residues of tropoelastin polypeptides are modified to form {{c1::allysine}} residues
Published	11/02/2024	On tropoelastin polypeptides, {{c1::three alysyl}} residues and the side chain of {{c1::one unaltered lysine}} residue are joined together covalently …
Published	11/02/2024	What is elastin's relaxed conformation?
Published	11/02/2024	What causes Scurvy? What does this lead to within the cell?
Published	11/02/2024	What are the symptoms of Scurvy?
Published	11/02/2024	Does Scurvy affect all collagen in the body?
Published	11/02/2024	Signs of {{c1::scurvy}} in children may mimic child abuse (ex. easy bruising)
Published	11/02/2024	Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Type I v.s. Type II (what is wrong in these, be specific)
Published	11/02/2024	What causes Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?
Published	11/02/2024	What are the symptoms of Ehlers-Danlos syndromes?
Published	11/02/2024	Marfan Syndrome is a genetic defect in the {{c1::FBN1}} gene on chromosome {{c1::15}} that encodes {{c1::fibrillin-1}}it is inherited as an {{c1::auto…
Published	11/02/2024	The defective fibrillin-1 of Marfan syndrome causes a {{c1::rise in levels of TGF-B}}, which promotes inflammation and disease progression
Published	11/02/2024	What are the symptoms of Marfan Syndrome?
Published	11/02/2024	in an a1-antitrypsin deficiency {{c1::alveoli}} are normally chronically exposed to low levels of {{c1::neutrophil elastase}} released durin…
Published	11/02/2024	Why are individuals with α1-antitrypsin deficiency predisposed to emphysema?
Published	11/02/2024	How does smoking affect people with a1-antitrypsin deficiency?
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Fibronectin}} and {{c1::laminin}} are adhesive glycoproteins of the ECM
Published	11/02/2024	Fibronectin is found in {{c1::CT}} and laminin is found in {{c1::epithelial tissues}}
Published	11/02/2024	Both fibronectin and laminin are multifunctional proteins that have what three binding domains?
Published	11/02/2024	What do adhesive proteins do (2)?
Published	11/02/2024	What causes a precursor cell's progeny to remain in the same place?
Published	11/02/2024	Tissue architecture is actively maintained by {{c1::selective adhesions}} that the cells make and progressively adjust. When cell types are artificial…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Selective adhesion}} is essential for the development of tissues that have complex origins involving cell migration, where one population of cel…
Published	11/02/2024	Epithelia are held together principally by cell-cell interactions at specialized regions, termed {{c1::cell junctions}}
Published	11/02/2024	What are the three types of cell junctions and their functions?
Published	11/02/2024	What are the 4 families of cell-cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)?
Published	11/02/2024	Cell adhesion molecules are {{c1::integral}}, {{c1::transmembrane}} proteins
Published	11/02/2024	cadherins mediate {{c1::calcium-dependent}} cell-cell adhesion by a homophilic mechanism (cadherin to cadherin)
Published	11/02/2024	Cadherins function as {{c1::transmembrane linker}} proteins that mediate interactions between {{c1::actin of the cytoskeletons}} of the cells they joi…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Cadherins}} likely play the major role in holding cells together and maintaining tissue integrity
Published	11/02/2024	Selectins are {{c1::cell-surface carbohydrate-binding}} proteins that mediate binding to a {{c2::carbohydrate}} on the surface of another cell
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Selectins}} function in transient cell-cell adhesion interactions; enable white blood cells migrate to sites of inflammation
Published	11/02/2024	What cell adhesions do members of the immunoglobulin superfamily mediate?
Published	11/02/2024	Members of the {{c1::Immunoglobulin superfamily CAMs}} demonstrate transient expression during development, implicating a role for these molecules in …
Published	11/02/2024	Cell-cell adhesion mediated by Immunoglobulin CAMs is weaker than that mediated by {{c1::cadherins}}
Published	11/02/2024	Members of the immunoglobulin superfamily of CAMs seem to contribute more to the {{c1::regulation or fine-tuning of adhesive interactions}} during dev…
Published	11/02/2024	What type of interactions do Integrin CAMs mediate?
Published	11/02/2024	The integrins are a family of adhesion molecules consisting of {{c1::alpha and beta transmembrane }} chains
Published	11/02/2024	The beta 2 type of integrin beta subunit is expressed exclusively on {{c1::leukocytes}}
Published	11/02/2024	The principal receptors for cell binding to ECM components are the {{c1::integrins}}, a family of homologous transmembrane, heterodimeric proteins
Published	11/02/2024	Integrins bind their ligands with relatively {{c1::low}} affinity.  Attachment of cells to the extracellular matrix depends on {{c1::multiple wea…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c2::Integrins}} mediate bidirectional interactions b/w the {{c1::cytoskeleton and ECM}}
Published	11/02/2024	Most integrins connect to bundles of {{c1::actin filaments}} -- interaction with the {{c1::cytoskeleton}} is required for integrin binding to the ECM
Published	11/02/2024	The cytosolic portion of the integrin interacts with cytoskeletal components and is important in {{c1::transmission of signals between the inside and …
Published	11/02/2024	Pemphigus
Published	11/02/2024	What is the fatty streak of a blood vessel?
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Fatty streak development}} is one of the first pathological changes in atherosclerosis
Published	11/02/2024	The atherosclerotic process begins with {{c1::an injury to the inner lining of the blood vessel, the endothelium}}
Published	11/02/2024	Describe the role of CAMs in the "rolling" process of monocytes along the endothelium of a blood vessel:
Published	11/02/2024	Extravasation
Published	11/02/2024	Describe the role of CAMs in the overall extravasation process of Monocytes:
Published	11/02/2024	Diapedesis is passage of cell through {{c1::intact walls of endothelium}}, typically moving towards {{c1::inflammation}}
Published	11/02/2024	with a lack of α1-antitrypsin, {{c1::elastase}} produced by macrophages in the lung goes unchecked and lung elastin is degraded, {{c1::damaging lungs:…
Published	11/02/2024	in pemphigus vulgaris autoantibodies form against {{c1::cadherins}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::selectins}} and {{c1::cadherins}} have calcium binding domains
Published	11/02/2024	Integrins mediate the attachment of cells to the ECM by binding to components like {{c1::fibronectin}}, {{c1::collagen}}, and {{c1::laminin}}
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