Notes in TPR - BIOCHEM CHAP 3

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Published	01/08/2024	What is thermodynamics
Published	01/08/2024	what is kinetic energy
Published	01/08/2024	what is a potential energy
Published	01/08/2024	What is the most important potential energy storage molecule in all cells?
Published	01/08/2024	What does the first law of thermodynamics state?
Published	01/08/2024	What is the second law of thermodynamics?v
Published	01/08/2024	How is a change in entropy (ΔS) calculated and what does a negative ΔS indicate?
Published	01/08/2024	Define Gibbs Free Energy (G) in thermodynamics.
Published	01/08/2024	What is the equation for enthalpy (ΔH)?
Published	01/08/2024	How is enthalpy (ΔH) related to bond energy (E) in cellular reactions?
Published	01/08/2024	What determines the favorability of a reaction in terms of Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG)?
Published	01/08/2024	How does Gibbs Free Energy change determine the direction of a chemical reaction?
Published	01/08/2024	A negative ΔG suggests
Published	01/08/2024	Positive ΔG suggests a
Published	01/08/2024	What law is this refering to: when the energy of a system decreases, the energy of the rest of the universe (the surroundings) must increase, and…
Published	01/08/2024	what law is this refering to: the disorder, or entropy, of the universe tends to increase. or spontarteous reactions tend to increase the disorde…
Published	01/08/2024	What is entropy in thermodynamics, and how is it symbolized?
Published	01/08/2024	Define enthalpy in thermodynamics and provide its equation.
Published	01/08/2024	What is the sign of ΔG for spontaneous reactions, and what do they imply?
Published	01/08/2024	What are exergonic and endergonic reactions?
Published	01/08/2024	How are endergonic reactions driven in the body?
Published	01/08/2024	Define exothermic and endothermic reactions.
Published	01/08/2024	{{c1::Exothermic}} reactions have a negative ΔH and liberate heat.
Published	01/08/2024	{{c1::Endothermic}} reactions have a positive ΔH and require an input of heat.
Published	01/08/2024	Why are most metabolic reactions exothermic?
Published	01/08/2024	From whose perspective are the signs of thermodynamic quantities assigned?
Published	01/08/2024	What does a negative ΔG indicate about a system's free energy state?
Published	01/08/2024	Explain the analogy of a spinning top in terms of thermodynamics.
Published	01/08/2024	How is standard free energy change (ΔG°) calculated
Published	01/08/2024	Considering Standard free energy change (ΔG°), what is its relation to the equilibrium constant?
Published	01/08/2024	What is ΔG*'
Published	01/08/2024	How do ΔG*' and ΔG° differ ?
Published	01/08/2024	what are standard conditions
Published	01/08/2024	How do Physiological conditions and standard condition differ?
Published	01/08/2024	What does nonspontaneous mean
Published	01/08/2024	What is the gas constant (R) in the context of chemical equilibrium equations?
Published	01/08/2024	Define equilibrium constant (K).
Published	01/08/2024	What is the significance of K = 1 in terms of ΔG°?
Published	01/08/2024	What does the equation ΔG = ΔG°' + RT ln Q represent?
Published	01/08/2024	How do you calculate the reaction quotient (Q)?
Published	01/08/2024	Differentiate between Q and K in chemical reactions.
Published	01/08/2024	Explain the concept of equilibrium in chemical reactions.
Published	01/08/2024	What is Le Châtelier's principle? And what does it predict?
Published	01/08/2024	Can ΔG for a reaction in a living human be calculated with just ΔG°' from a table?
Published	01/08/2024	How does the addition of reactants or products affect a reaction at equilibrium?
Published	01/08/2024	Keq= {{c1::([C]eq[D]eq) \frac ([A]eq[B]eq)}}   Q= {{c1::[C][D]/[A][B]}}
Published	01/08/2024	When Keq is large, which has lower free energy: products or reactants? What about Q in the same case? Answer: {{c1::A large K means that more product …
Published	01/08/2024	Which direction, forward or backward will be favored in a reactino if ΔG =0?
Published	01/08/2024	There are two factors that determine whether a reaction will occur spontaneously (ΔG<0), regardless of the value of ΔGo'... tech 3 {{c1::…
Published	01/08/2024	the study of reaction rates is called {{c1::chemical kinetics}}. All rxns proceed thorugh a {{c2::transition state (TS)}} that is unstable and ta…
Published	01/08/2024	A catalyst lowers the {{c1::Ea}} of a reaction without {{c2::changing the delta G.}} The catalyst lowers the activation energy by stabilizing the…
Published	01/08/2024	{{c1::enzymes}} are biological catalysts. they {{c2::increase}} the rate of a reaction by {{c3::lowering}} the reactions activation energy, but {{c4::…
Published	01/08/2024	{{c1::Photosynthesis}} is the process by which plants store energy from the sun in the bond energy of carbohydrates Plants are {{c2::ph…
Published	01/08/2024	OIL RIG Loss of? Gain of?
Published	01/08/2024	Recognizing the oxidation reactions (3): {{c1::gain}} of {{c2::oxygen}} atoms {{c3::loss}} of {{c4::hydrogen}} atoms {{c5::loss}} of {{…
Published	01/08/2024	Recognizing the reduction reactions (3): {{c1::loss}} of {{c2::oxygen}} atoms {{c3::gain}} of {{c4::hydrogen}} atoms {{c5::gain}} of {{…
Published	01/08/2024	When one atom gets reduced, another one must be {{c1::oxidized}}; hence the term {{c2::redox pair}}
Published	01/08/2024	{{c1::Catabolism}} is the process of breaking down molecules.  {{c1::Anabolism}} is the opposite
Published	01/08/2024	The way we extract energy from glucose is by {{c1::oxidative catabolism }}
Published	01/08/2024	{{c1::Bronsted Lowry}} Definition: Acids are proton (H+) {{c2::donors}}Ignore this {{c3::blank}}
Published	01/08/2024	{{c1::Bronsted Lowry}} Definition: Bases are proton (H+) {{c2::acceptors}}
Published	01/08/2024	{{c1::Lewis acids and bases}} Lewis acids are electronic pair {{c2::acceptors}}
Published	01/08/2024	{{c1::Lewis acids and bases}} Lewis bases are electronic pair {{c2::donors}}
Published	01/08/2024	Is oxygen the lewis acid or the lewis base in the heme group?
Published	01/08/2024	8d5719ac17514c04bb06a3f95801891e-ao-1
Published	01/08/2024	ce267ef6e8514b04925cdc134ba640b3-ao-1
Published	01/08/2024	Ka refers to {{c1::the equilibrium expression for an acid dissociation reaction}}, also known as {{c2::acid-ionization or the acid dissociation consta…
Published	01/08/2024	9a802e95cd904c35a3024e0dd9c9775f-ao-1
Published	01/08/2024	The larger the Ka the {{c1::stronger}} the acid
Published	01/08/2024
Published	01/08/2024	{{c1::amphoteric}} : A substance that can act as either an acid or base
Published	01/08/2024	The {{c3::conjugate base}} of a {{c1::weak polyprotic acid}} is always amphoteric, because it can {{c2::either donate or accept}}&…
Published	01/08/2024	Every time a polyprotic acid donates a {{c1::proton}} the resulting species will be a {{c2::weaker}} acid than its predecessor&nbs…
Published	01/08/2024	{{c1::pH scale}}measures the concentration of {{c2::H+ ions}} in a solution
Published	01/08/2024	equation of pH {{c1::= -log[H+]}}
Published	01/08/2024	{{c1::[H+]}}={{c2::10-pH}}
Published	01/08/2024	equations of {{c1::[OH]}}={{c2::10-pOH}}
Published	01/08/2024	{{c1::pOH}} = {{c2::-log[OH-]}}
Published	01/08/2024	{{c1::[H+][OH-]}}={{c2::10-14}} at 25 degrees celcius
Published	01/08/2024	{{c1::pH + pOH}} = 14
Published	01/08/2024	{{c2::pKa}} = {{c1::-log Ka}}
Published	01/08/2024	{{c2::pKb}} = {{c1::-log Kb}}
Published	01/08/2024	The lower the pKa value the {{c1::stronger}} the acid
Published	01/08/2024	The {{c1::lower}} the pKb value the {{c1::stronger}} the base
Published	01/08/2024
Published	01/08/2024	{{c1::A buffer}} is a solution that resists changing pH when a small amount of acid or bases added
Published	01/08/2024	The most important buffer system in our blood plasma is the {{c1::bicarbonate buffer system}} consisting of {{c2::carbonic acid (H2CO3)…
Published	01/08/2024	Bicarbonate buffer system equation
Published	01/08/2024
Published	01/08/2024
Published	01/08/2024	the lower the Ka value, the {{c1::higher}} the pKa value, and the {{c1::weaker}} the acid.
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