Notes in Week 2

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	02/22/2025	The Frank-Starling relationship states that the force of {{c1::contraction}} is proportional to the {{c2::end-diastolic length}} of the cardiac muscle…
Published	02/22/2025	What is the effect of increased venous return on end-diastolic volume (EDV)?{{c1::Increased EDV}}
Published	02/22/2025	Increases in contractility cause the Starling curve to shift {{c1::upward}}
Published	02/22/2025	Decreases in contractility (e.g., heart failure) cause the Starling curve to shift {{c1::downward}}
Published	02/22/2025	Exercise causes the Starling curve to shift {{c1::upward}}
Published	02/22/2025	In phase 2 of the action potential:Influx of {{c1::Ca2+}}Effluc of {{c1::K+}}
Published	02/22/2025	Myocardial cells are comprised of {{c1::myofibrils}} which consist of a series of {{c1::sarcomeres}}
Published	02/22/2025	Troponin T: tethers {{c1::tropomyosin}}Troponin I: inhibits {{c1::myosin head}} activationTroponin C: binds {{c1::Ca2+}} to undo the above
Published	02/22/2025	While the intracellular {{c1::calcium}} content is high, cross-bridges will form and break
Published	02/22/2025	The magnitude of the tension formed is determined by the {{c1::intracellular calcium}} concentration
Published	02/22/2025	During phase 3 of the myocardial action potential there is an efflux of {{c1::K+}}
Published	02/22/2025	During relaxation, 80% of the calcium reaccumulates in the {{c1::sarcoplasmic reticulum}}
Published	02/22/2025	Post-extrasystolic potentiation: tension is {{c1::higher}} on the next beat due to the "extra" Ca2+ that entered the cell during the extra {{c1::systo…
Published	02/22/2025	What happens to contractility when digoxin is administered:{{c1::Increased}} Na+ in the cellCa2+-Na+ exchanger now has a {{c1::less}} favorable g…
Published	02/22/2025	{{c1::Tension}}: the force developed by muscle{{c1::Contractility}}: the ability of this muscle to develop that force
Published	02/22/2025	At the {{c1::shortest}} length, thin filaments buckling on each other block some {{c1::actin}} binding sites
Published	02/22/2025	Passive tension is the force required to stretch a {{c1::resting}} muscle to different lengths
Published	02/22/2025	Active tension occurs when a muscle in stimulated to {{c1::contract}} at a fixed lengthThe amount of active tension depends on the {{c1::length}} of t…
Published	02/22/2025	Lmax is the length at which the greatest amount of {{c1::active}} tension can develop
Published	02/22/2025	What are the three mechanisms that contribute to length dependent tension:The extend of {{c1::overlap}}Changing sensitivity of {{c1::Troponin C}} to c…
Published	02/22/2025	How would an increase in heart rate affect these length-tension curves? Increased HR → {{c1::increased}} intracellular Ca2+ → {{c1::increased}} a…
Published	02/22/2025	How does HR increase calcium?Sympathetic stimulation:{{c1::B1}} activity phosphorylates Ca2+ channels → {{c1::increased}} Ca2+ influx → {{c1::increase…
Published	02/22/2025	How does HR increase calcium?Sympathetic stimulation:B1 activity phosphorylates {{c1::phospholamban}} → {{c1::increases}} SERCA activity → {{c1::incre…
Published	02/22/2025	How does HR increase Ca2+?Positive staircase effect:More {{c1::Na+}} and {{c1::Ca2+}} entering myocyte per minuteLess time for Ca2+ extrusion since {{…
Published	02/22/2025	The force-velocity relationship is the effect of {{c1::afterload}} on muscle contraction
Published	02/22/2025	Shortening velocity: speed of {{c1::cross-bridge}} cyclingAfterload: the {{c1::resistance}} against which the muscle contractsPreload: {{c1::passive}}…
Published	02/22/2025	Force-velocity curve:B1-agonists increase {{c1::contractility}} which shifts the curve upDecreased {{c1::preload}} shifts the curve down
Published	02/22/2025	Frank-Starling CurveHow does X shift if your patient: A. Has a myocardial infarctionB. Drinks 2L of gatoradeC. Becomes severely dehydrated{{c1::}…
Published	02/22/2025	How does change in contractility and afterload affect ventricular performance curve?Increased contractility → {{c1::decreased}} afterload → {{c1::upwa…
Published	02/22/2025	How does the cardiac output of the left heart compare to the right heart?{{c1::Equal (in steady state)}}
Published	02/22/2025	The rate at which blood is pumped from either ventricle is called the {{c1::cardiac output}}
Published	02/22/2025	The rate at which blood is returned to the atria is called the {{c1::venous return}}
Published	02/22/2025	The resistance of the entire systemic vasculature is called the {{c1::total peripheral resistance (TPR)}}
Published	02/22/2025	{{c1::Systolic}} pressure is the highest arterial pressure during the cardiac cycle
Published	02/22/2025	The "blip" in the arterial pressure curve, called the {{c1::dicrotic notch}}, is produced when the aortic valve closes
Published	02/22/2025	{{c1::Diastolic}} pressure is the lowest arterial pressure during the cardiac cycle
Published	02/22/2025	The {{c1::pulse}} pressure is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures
Published	02/22/2025	Pulse pressure is {{c1::directly}} proportional to stroke volume
Published	02/22/2025	Pulse pressure is {{c1::inversely}} proportional to arterial compliance
Published	02/22/2025	What equation may be used to calculate mean arterial pressure given a patient's blood pressure?MAP = {{c1::2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic press…
Published	02/22/2025	Compared to the systemic vasculature, the pressures in the pulmonary vasculature are much {{c1::lower}}
Published	02/22/2025	Compared to the systemic vasculature, the resistance in the pulmonary vasculature is much {{c1::lower}}
Published	02/22/2025	{{c1::Stroke volume}} is defined as the volume of blood ejected by one ventricular contraction
Published	02/22/2025	{{c1::Ejection fraction}} is defined as the fraction of the end-diastolic volume that is ejected in each stroke volume
Published	02/22/2025	What equation may be used to calculate stroke volume?{{c1::SV = EDV - ESV}}
Published	02/22/2025	What equation may be used to calculate ejection fraction?{{c1::Ejection fraction = SV / EDV}}
Published	02/22/2025	Cardiac {{c2::contractility}} can be estimated by the left ventricular {{c1::ejection fraction (LVEF)}}
Published	02/22/2025	Ejection fraction is normally ≥ {{c1::55}}%
Published	02/22/2025	What equation is used to calculate cardiac output given a patient's stroke volume and heart rate?{{c1::CO = SV x HR}}
Published	02/22/2025	{{c1::Isovolumetric contraction}} is the first phase of a cardiac cycle and represents the period between mitral valve closing and aortic valve openin…
Published	02/22/2025	{{c1::Ventricular (systolic) ejection}} is the second phase of a cardiac cycle and represents the period between aortic valve opening and closing
Published	02/22/2025	{{c1::Isovolumetric relaxation}} is the third phase of a cardiac cycle and represents the period between aortic valve closing and mitral valve opening…
Published	02/22/2025	{{c1::Rapid ventricular filling}} is the fourth phase of a cardiac cycle and represents the period just after mitral valve opening
Published	02/22/2025	{{c1::Reduced filling}} is the fifth phase of a cardiac cycle and represents the period just before mitral valve closing
Published	02/22/2025	The {{c2::width}} of a pressure-volume loop is the {{c1::stroke volume}}
Published	02/22/2025	Preload is approximated by ventricular {{c1::end-diastolic volume (EDV)}}
Published	02/22/2025	What effect does increased venous return have on preload?{{c1::Increased preload}}
Published	02/22/2025	Afterload is approximated by {{c1::mean arterial pressure (MAP)}}
Published	02/22/2025	What effect does increased aortic pressure have on afterload?{{c1::Increased afterload}}
Published	02/22/2025	Increased {{c2::preload}} results in a(n) {{c1::increased}} width (to the right) on a pressure-volume loop curve
Published	02/22/2025	Increased {{c2::afterload}} results in a(n) {{c1::decreased}} width and {{c1::increased}} height on a pressure-volume loop curve
Published	02/22/2025	Increased {{c2::contractility}} results in a(n) {{c1::increased}} width and {{c1::increased}} height on a cardiac pressure-volume loop curve
Published	02/22/2025	What effect does increased preload have on stroke volume? {{c1::Increased SV}}
Published	02/22/2025	What effect does increased afterload have on stroke volume? {{c1::Decreased SV}}
Published	02/22/2025	What effect does increased afterload have on end-systolic volume? {{c1::Increased ESV}}
Published	02/22/2025	What effect does increased contractility have on end-systolic volume? {{c1::Decreased ESV}}
Published	02/22/2025	What effect does increased contractility have on stroke volume? {{c1::Increased SV}}
Published	02/22/2025	What effect does increased preload have on ejection fraction? {{c1::Increased EF}}
Published	02/22/2025	Which phase of the cardiac cycle is the period of highest O2 consumption? {{c1::Isovolumetric contraction}}
Published	02/22/2025	Cardiac O2 consumption is directly related to the amount of {{c1::tension}} developed by the ventricles
Published	02/22/2025	What is the effect of increased afterload (increased aortic pressure) on cardiac O2 consumption? {{c1::Increased O2 consumption}}
Published	02/22/2025	What is the effect of increased ventricular diameter on cardiac O2 consumption? {{c1::Increased O2 consumption}}
Published	02/22/2025	What is the effect of increased contractility on cardiac O2 consumption? {{c1::Increased O2 consumption}}
Published	02/22/2025	What is the effect of increased heart rate on cardiac O2 consumption? {{c1::Increased O2 consumption}}
Published	02/22/2025	According to the Fick principle: {{c2::Cardiac output (CO)}} = {{c1::rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous O2 content)}}
Published	02/22/2025	Atrial {{c1::systole}} is preceded by the {{c2::P}} wave on ECG, which marks depolarization of the atria
Published	02/22/2025	The increase in atrial pressure caused by atrial systole appears on the venous pulse curve as the {{c1::a}} wave
Published	02/22/2025	How does ventricular volume change during atrial systole?{{c1::Increase}}
Published	02/22/2025	What phase of the cardiac cycle begins during the QRS complex on ECG?{{c1::Isovolumetric ventricular contraction::specific}}
Published	02/26/2025	When the left ventricle contracts, the left ventricular pressure becomes greater than left atrial pressure and the {{c1::mitral}} valve closes This is…
Published	02/22/2025	The {{c1::mitral}} valve closes slightly before the {{c1::tricuspid}} valve, thus heart sound S1 may be split
Published	02/22/2025	During rapid ventricular ejection, the ventricular pressure becomes greater than aortic pressure and the {{c1::aortic}} valve opens
Published	02/22/2025	How does aortic pressure change during rapid ventricular ejection?{{c1::Increase}}
Published	02/22/2025	How does ventricular volume change during rapid ventricular ejection?{{c1::Dramatic decrease}}
Published	02/22/2025	The end of rapid ventricular ejection corresponds with the onset of the {{c1::T}} wave on ECG
Published	02/22/2025	During right ventricular contraction, the tricuspid valve bulges into the right atrium, which appears as the {{c1::c}} wave on the venous pulse curve
Published	02/22/2025	The onset of reduced ventricular ejection corresponds with the onset of the {{c1::T}} wave on ECG
Published	02/22/2025	How do aortic and ventricular pressure change during reduced ventricular ejection?{{c1::Decrease}}
Published	02/22/2025	During atrial relaxation, the tricuspid valve returns to its downward position, which appears as the {{c1::x}} descent on the venous pulse curve
Published	02/22/2025	How does ventricular pressure change during isovolumetric relaxation?{{c1::Decrease}}
Published	02/22/2025	Increased right atrial pressure, due to filling against a closed tricuspid valve, appears as the {{c1::v}} wave on the venous pulse curve
Published	02/22/2025	Isovolumetric {{c1::relaxation}} corresponds to the end of the {{c2::T}} wave on ECG
Published	02/22/2025	During isovolumetric relaxation, the ventricular pressure becomes less than aortic pressure and the {{c1::aortic}} valve closes
Published	02/22/2025	During rapid ventricular filling, the left ventricular pressure becomes less than the left atrial pressure and the {{c1::mitral}} valve opens
Published	02/22/2025	How does atrial pressure change during rapid ventricular filling?{{c1::Decrease}}
Published	02/22/2025	{{c1::Reduced ventricular filling}}, or {{c2::diastasis}}, is the longest phase of the cardiac cycle
Published	02/22/2025	Which specific phase of the cardiac cycle is most affected by changes in heart rate?{{c1::Reduced ventricular filling (diastasis)}}
Published	02/22/2025	During rapid ventricular filling, the right atrium empties into the right ventricle, which appears as the {{c1::y}} descent on the venous pulse curve
Published	02/22/2025	The {{c2::cardiac}} function curve is a plot of the relationship between {{c1::cardiac output}} of the left ventricle and {{c1::pressure}} of the righ…
Published	02/22/2025	The {{c2::vascular}} function curve is a plot of the relationship between right atrial {{c1::pressure}} and {{c1::venous return}}
Published	02/22/2025	The {{c1::mean systemic pressure}} is the point at which the vascular function curve intersects the x-axis
Published	02/22/2025	When the mean systemic pressure is equal to the right atrial pressure, the venous return is {{c1::zero}}
Published	02/22/2025	What effect does increased blood volume have on mean systemic pressure? {{c1::Increased}}
Published	02/22/2025	An increase in mean systemic pressure is reflected in a shift of the {{c2::vascular}} function curve to the {{c1::right}}
Published	02/22/2025	A decrease in mean systemic pressure is reflected in a shift of the {{c2::vascular}} function curve to the {{c1::left}}
Published	02/22/2025	What effect does increased venous tone (decreased compliance) have on mean systemic pressure? {{c1::Increased}}
Published	02/22/2025	What two factors influence the value for mean systemic pressure? {{c1::Blood volume, venous tone}}
Published	02/22/2025	The slope of the vascular function curve is determined primarily by {{c1::total peripheral resistance (TPR)}}
Published	02/22/2025	A(n) {{c1::positive}} inotropic agent causes the {{c3::cardiac}} function curve to shift {{c2::upwards}}
Published	02/22/2025	A(n) {{c1::negative}} inotropic agent causes the cardiac function curve to shift {{c2::downwards}}
Published	02/22/2025	The {{c1::intersection}} of the cardiac and vascular function curves is the operating point of the heart
Published	02/22/2025	A positive inotropic agent causes the cardiac output to {{c1::increase}} and right atrial pressure to {{c1::decrease}}
Published	02/22/2025	A negative inotropic agent causes the cardiac output to {{c1::decrease}} and right atrial pressure to {{c1::increase}}
Published	02/22/2025	An increased blood volume (or venous tone) causes the cardiac output to {{c1::increase}} and right atrial pressure to {{c1::increase}}
Published	02/22/2025	A decreased blood volume (or venous tone) causes the cardiac output to {{c1::decrease}} and right atrial pressure to {{c1::decrease}}
Published	02/22/2025	An increased TPR causes the cardiac output to {{c1::decrease}} and venous return to {{c1::decrease}}
Published	02/22/2025	A decreased TPR causes the cardiac output to {{c1::increase}} and venous return to {{c1::increase}}
Published	02/22/2025	A(n) {{c2::decrease}} in TPR causes a(n) {{c1::clockwise}} rotation of the vascular function curve
Published	02/22/2025	A(n) {{c2::increase}} in TPR causes a(n) {{c1::counterclockwise}} rotation of the vascular function curve
Published	02/22/2025	A(n) {{c2::decrease}} in TPR causes a(n) {{c1::upward}} shift of the cardiac function curve
Published	02/22/2025	A(n) {{c2::increase}} in TPR causes a(n) {{c1::downward}} shift of the cardiac function curve
Published	02/22/2025	What equation is used to calculate mean arterial pressure using a patient's cardiac output?{{c1::MAP = CO x TPR}}
Published	02/22/2025	Mean arterial pressure is maintained at a constant level of approximately {{c1::100}} mmHg
Published	02/22/2025	The a wave on jugular venous pulse corresponds to {{c1::atrial contraction}}
Published	02/22/2025	The c wave on jugular venous pulse corresponds to {{c1::right ventricular contraction and closure of tricuspid valve::2}}
Published	02/22/2025	The x descent on jugular venous pulse corresponds to {{c1::atrial relaxation}}
Published	02/22/2025	The v wave on jugular venous pulse corresponds to {{c1::right atrial filling}}
Published	02/22/2025	The y descent on jugular venous pulse corresponds to {{c1::right atrial emptying into the right ventricle}}
Published	02/22/2025	How does exercise affect total peripheral resistance? {{c1::Decreased TPR}}
Published	02/22/2025	When a person moves from a supine to a standing position, blood pools in the {{c1::veins}} of the lower extremities
Published	02/22/2025	During the early stages of exercise, cardiac output is maintained by increased {{c1::heart rate}} and {{c1::stroke volume}}
Published	02/22/2025	During the late stages of exercise, cardiac output is maintained by increased {{c1::heart rate}} only as {{c1::stroke volume}} plateaus
Published	02/22/2025	Which phase of the cardiac cycle is preferentially shortened with increased heart rate? {{c1::Diastole::Systole or Diastole}}
Published	02/22/2025	What is the effect of hyperthyroidism on pulse pressure?{{c1::Increased pulse pressure}}
Published	02/22/2025	What is the effect of aortic stiffening on pulse pressure?{{c1::Increased pulse pressure}}
Published	02/22/2025	What is the effect of obstructive sleep apnea on pulse pressure?{{c1::Increased pulse pressure}}
Published	02/22/2025	What is the effect of exercise on pulse pressure? {{c1::Increased (widened) pulse pressure, transiently}}
Published	02/22/2025	{{c1::Decreased}} pulse pressures are seen in conditions that decrease left ventricular stroke volume
Published	02/22/2025	What is the effect of aortic stenosis on pulse pressure?{{c1::Decreased pulse pressure}}
Published	02/22/2025	What is the effect of cardiogenic shock on pulse pressure?{{c1::Decreased pulse pressure}}
Published	02/22/2025	What is the effect of cardiac tamponade on pulse pressure?{{c1::Decreased pulse pressure}}
Published	02/22/2025	What is the effect of advanced heart failure on pulse pressure?{{c1::Decreased pulse pressure}}
Published	02/22/2025	{{c1::Veno}}dilators (e.g., nitroglycerin) cause decreased {{c2::pre}}load
Published	02/22/2025	{{c1::Arterial vaso}}dilators (e.g., hydralazine) cause decreased {{c2::after}}load
Published	02/22/2025	ACE inhibitors and ARBs {{c1::decrease}} both preload and afterload
Published	02/22/2025	Increased cardiac output and slight increase/no change in venous return are found in:{{c1::Chronic anemia::Chronic anemi…
Published	02/22/2025	Increased cardiac output and decreased venous return are found in:{{c1::Anaphylaxis::Chronic anemia or Anaphylaxis}}
Published	02/22/2025	Which organ of the body has the most effective oxygen extraction?{{c1::Heart}}
Published	02/22/2025	Due to the high degree of oxygen extraction by the myocardium, increases in myocardial oxygen demand can only be met by an increase in {{c1::coronary …
Published	02/22/2025	Blood flows continuously through the cardiac cycle in all organs except the {{c1::heart}}
Published	02/22/2025	During systole, is there relatively constant blood flow to the right ventricular myocardium?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	02/22/2025	During systole, is there relatively constant blood flow in the left ventricle's coronary arteries?{{c1::No}}
Published	02/22/2025	A dicrotic pulse has 2 distinct peaks (one during systole, other during diastole) due to an accentuated {{c1::diastolic dicrotic wave}} after the dicr…
Published	02/22/2025	A hyperkinetic pulse is a rapidly rising pulse with high amplitude due to the rapid ejection of a(n) {{c1::large}} stroke volume against a decreased {…
Published	02/22/2025	Pulsus alternans is most commonly seen in patients with severe {{c1::left ventricular dysfunction}}
Published	02/22/2025	Artery: {{c1::conducting}} vesselArteriole: {{c1::resistance}} vesselCapillary: {{c1::exchange}} vesselVenule (small): {{c1::exchange}} vesselVenule (…
Published	02/22/2025	Glycocalyx acts as a {{c1::mechanosensor}} for hemodynamic shear stresses
Published	02/22/2025	Endothelial glycocalyx regulates vascular {{c1::permeability}}, limits {{c1::coagulation}} and {{c1::leukocyte}} adhesion
Published	02/22/2025	Arteries and veins have 3 tunics (layers): Tunica {{c1::intima}} Tunica {{c1::media}} Tunica {{c1::externa}}
Published	02/22/2025	Bound within the glycocalyx protecting this layer is {{c1::albumin}}
Published	02/22/2025	Arteries have more sheets of elastin in their walls, especially the tunica {{c1::media}}
Published	02/22/2025	Tunica {{c1::intima}} is the innermost layer of large vessles, in immediate contact with blood It's {{c1::endothelium}} is slick to minimize fric…
Published	02/25/2025	Elastin in arteries {{c1::distends}} during systole (when ventricle pumps blood) and {{c1::recoils}} during diastole (between beats)
Published	02/22/2025	Muscular arteries are {{c1::medium}} sizedHave thickened elastin at wavy {{c1::internal elastic}} lamina and {{c1::external elastic}} media
Published	02/22/2025	Tunica media consists of {{c1::smooth}} muscle whose cells are in a {{c1::circular}} arrangement Muscle contracts and relaxes to change vessel {{…
Published	02/22/2025	Transitional vessels between arterioles and capillaries are {{c1::metarterioles}}, which have {{c1::single}} smooth muscle cells
Published	02/22/2025	Tunica externa is made of connective tissue containing {{c1::fibroblasts}} and {{c1::extracellular matrix}}This outer layer {{c1::strengthens}} the ve…
Published	02/22/2025	Identify these arterioles: 1. Larger arteriole with {{c1::3}} layers of muscle cells2. Smaller arteriole with {{c1::1-2}} layers of muscle cells
Published	02/22/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0107:top=.0121:width=.2224:height=.0532:oi=1}}
Published	02/22/2025	Endothelial cells are joined by {{c1::zonula occludens}} and {{c1::adherens}} junctions
Published	02/22/2025	The vasa vasorum supplies the tunica {{c1::media}} and originates from the tunica {{c1::externa}}
Published	02/22/2025	Fenestrated capillary has multiple {{c1::pores}}Fenestrated capillaries facilitate movement of {{c1::small}} molecules across the endotheliumFenestrat…
Published	02/22/2025	What are the 4 routes by which small molecules pass through the capillary wall? {{c1::Direct diffusion}} {{c1::Intercellular junctions}}&nbs…
Published	02/22/2025	Pericytes are {{c1::scattered}}, {{c1::spider}}-shaped cells on capillaries and small venules
Published	02/22/2025	Continous capillary has no {{c1::pores/fenestrations}} in the endothelial cellsFound in capillaries {{c1::without::with/without}} exceptionally high e…
Published	02/22/2025	Identify the capillary: {{c1::Continuous::Continuous/Fenestrated}} capillary
Published	02/22/2025	Identify the capillary: {{c1::Fenestrated::Continuous/Fenestrated}} capillary
Published	02/22/2025	Functions of pericytes: {{c1::Capillary diameter}} regulation through smooth muscle like contraction/relaxation {{c1::Angiogenesis}} by help…
Published	02/22/2025	Wide, thin-walled capillaries that allow passage of many big proteins or whole cells are called {{c1::sinusoids}}Can be found in {{c1::bone marrow}}
Published	02/22/2025	Venules (up to 1 mm in diameter) are the smallest {{c1::veins}}, and postcapillary venules (PCVs) are the smallest {{c1::venules}} (10 to 50 micromete…
Published	02/22/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1692:top=.2646:width=.1429:height=.0382:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5921:top=.3308:width=.1147:height=.038…
Published	02/22/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7255:top=.027:width=.1055:height=.0344:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5295:top=.2159:width=.1219:height=.0356…
Published	02/22/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6928:top=.027:width=.0666:height=.0813:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6853:top=.3538:width=.0565:height=.0719…
Published	02/22/2025	Lymph vessels return the excess tissue fluid produced by {{c1::capillaries}} to the bloodstream as well as pick up and spread {{c1::pathogens}} & …
Published	02/22/2025	Veins:T. intima: endothelium, and a {{c1::thinner}} subendothelialconnective tissue.T. media is {{c1::thinner}} than in artery of comparable size.T. a…
Published	02/22/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2246:top=.4856:width=.1134:height=.0347:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.637:top=.3796:width=.1178:height=.0424…
Published	02/22/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5677:top=.1968:width=.1532:height=.0399:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.067:top=.478:width=.0604:height=.0294:…
Published	02/22/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.223:top=.3131:width=.0389:height=.0412:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2984:top=.3312:width=.0503:height=.0412…
Published	02/22/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0094:top=.0124:width=.2198:height=.0606:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0044:top=.2769:width=.1558:height=.043…
Published	02/25/2025	The heart wall has 3 layers: {{c1::endo}}-, {{c1::myo}}-, and {{c1::epi}}cardium and can be treated as a modified blood vessel Tunica intima = {{…
Published	02/22/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2452:top=.0832:width=.1311:height=.0481:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2334:top=.3393:width=.1399:height=.042…
Published	02/22/2025	Purkinje cell (Purkinje myocyte): Specialized cardiac muscle cell. Barrel-shaped. {{c1::Larger}} than a typical cardiac muscle cell, {{c1::fewer}} myo…
Published	02/22/2025	Purkinje cells are in the endocardium of heart {{c1::ventricles}}, in a part called {{c1::subendocardium}}.
Published	02/22/2025	The coronary arteries and cardiac veins are giant {{c1::vasa vasorum}} that nourish the heart and are essential for life. What part of the heart do th…
Published	02/22/2025	Endothelial cells prevent thrombosis by blocking exposure to underlying {{c1::subendothelial collagen}} and {{c2::tissue factor}}
Published	02/22/2025	Endothelial cells prevent thrombosis by producing {{c1::prostacyclin (PGI2)}} and {{c2::nitric oxide (NO)}}
Published	02/22/2025	Prostacyclin (PGI2) and NO from endothelial cells cause vaso{{c1::dilation}}
Published	02/22/2025	Endothelial cells prevent thrombosis by secreting {{c1::heparin-like}} molecules, which augment {{c2::antithrombin III (ATIII)}}
Published	02/22/2025	Endothelial cells prevent thrombosis by secreting {{c1::tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)}}, which converts plasminogen to plasmin
Published	02/22/2025	Endothelial cells prevent thrombosis by producing {{c3::thrombomodulin}}, which redirects {{c1::thrombin}} to activate {{c2::protein C}}
Status	Last Update	Fields