Notes in 07 Pharmacological Principles

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Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Pharmacokinetics}} describes the relationship between drug dosing, drug concentrations, and time.
Published	12/13/2023	Volume of distribution equation:{{c1::}}
Published	12/13/2023	When a drug is {{c1::highly::highly/not highly}} bound in blood, a much {{c2::larger}} dose will be required to achieve the same systemic effect.
Published	12/13/2023	During the {{c1::redistribution}} phase, drug returns from tissues back into the plasma.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Biotransformation}} is the chemical process by which the drug molecule is altered in the body.
Published	12/13/2023	Phase {{c1::I}} reactions convert a parent compound into more {{c2::polar}} metabolites through oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis.
Published	12/13/2023	Phase {{c1::II}} reactions conjugates substances with an endogenous substrate to form {{c2::water-soluble}} metabolites.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Small unbound}} drugs are filtered by the glomerulus.
Published	12/13/2023	Two-compartment model:In the {{c1::distribution}} phase, the drug moves from the central compartment to the peripheral compartment.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Elimination half-time}} is the time required for the drug concentration to fall by 50% after a bolus injection.
Published	12/13/2023	The offset of a drug’s effect cannot be predicted from {{c1::half-lives}} alone.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Pharmacodynamics}}, the study of how drugs affect the body, involves the concepts of potency, efficacy, and therapeutic window.
Published	12/13/2023	Two-compartment model:In the {{c1::elimination}} phase the drug returns from the peripheral compartment to the central compartment and is metabolized …
Published	12/13/2023	According to the law of mass action, when the plasma concentration exceeds the concentration in tissue, the drug moves from the {{c1::plasma}} into th…
Published	12/13/2023	According to the law of mass action, when the plasma concentration is less than the tissue concentration, the drug moves from the {{c2::tissue}} into …
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::nonionized}} fraction of drug is reabsorbed in the renal tubules.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::ionized}} portion of drug is excreted in the urine.
Published	12/13/2023	All venous drainage from the stomach and small intestine must first flow through the {{c1::liver}} before returning to the inferior vena cava.
Published	12/13/2023	What drug molecules equilibrate between organs and tissues?{{c1::Free concentration}}
Published	12/13/2023	Albumin has two main binding sites with affinity for {{c1::acidic}} and {{c1::neutral}} drugs.
Published	12/13/2023	α1-Acid glycoprotein (AAG) binds {{c1::basic}} drugs like local anesthetics and tricyclic antidepressants.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::context-sensitive half time}} is the time required for a 50% decrease in plasma drug concentrations following a {{c2::pseudo steady-state in…
Published	12/13/2023	A {{c2::small}} Vd implies that the drug is distributed primarily in the {{c1::intravascular space}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Clearance}} is the volume of blood cleared of drug per unit of time.
Published	12/13/2023	Drugs with a {{c1::high}} extraction ratio are cleared by the liver in proportion to {{c2::liver blood flow}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The fraction of drug removed by the liver is called the {{c1::extraction ratio}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Alfentanil has a {{c1::low}} hepatic extraction ratio, so the rate-limiting step of clearance is the {{c2::metabolic capacity}} of the liver.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Enterohepatic recirculation}} is the process by which drugs are excreted into the {{c2::bile}} and then reabsorbed in the {{c2::intestine}}.&nbs…
Published	12/13/2023	The right side of the dose-response curve is {{c1::flat}}, reflecting the maximum physiologic response of the body.
Published	12/13/2023	In {{c1::competitive}} antagonism, the antagonist {{c2::competes for binding sites}} with the agonist.
Published	12/13/2023	In {{c1::noncompetitive}} antagonism, the antagonist {{c2::disables the receptor}}.
Published	12/13/2023	A {{c2::large}} Vd (volume of distribution) implies that the drug will be distributed into {{c1::fat}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::G protein-coupled}} receptors act by increasing the concentration of {{c1::secondary messengers}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Intracellular receptors bind with {{c2::lipid soluble}} ligands to stimulate {{c1::gene transcription}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Partial agonists}} differ from full agonists in that they cannot produce a {{c1::maximum response}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Inverse agonists}} bind to a receptor, but create the opposite action of an agonist.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Antagonists}} bind to a receptor but produce no physiologic response.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Tachyphylaxis}} is an acute tolerance to a drug that occurs due to depletion of {{c1::secondary messengers}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::pKa}} is the pH at which the {{c1::ionized}} and {{c1::nonionized}} forms exist in equal concentrations.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Enzyme induction}} - increased enzyme activity due to the chronic presence of exogenous substances.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Protein-bound}} drugs are inert.
Published	12/13/2023	What plasma proteins bind basic drugs?{{c1::β-globulin}} and {{c1::α-1 acid glycoprotein}}
Published	12/13/2023	Extensive protein binding {{c1::decreases::increases/decreases}} the speed of drug elimination.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Pregnant}} women have {{c2::decreased}} albumin levels
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Malnourished}} patients and patients with severe {{c2::liver}} and {{c2::kidney}} disease have decreased albumin levels.
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