Notes in 08CardiacMarkers

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Published	07/30/2024	[Types of Myocardial Infarction]{{c1::Type 1}} MI: ST segment elevation MI (STEMI) and non-ST-segment elevation MI (NSTEMI)
Published	07/30/2024	[Types of Myocardial Infarction]{{c1::Type 2}} MI: Secondary to ischemic imbalance
Published	07/30/2024	Cell death may occur in a span of {{c1::6}} hours after coronary blockage
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::AST/SGOT}} elevation will help you in clinching the diagnosis of AMI.
Published	07/30/2024	Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) is located in the following:{{c1::Heart, Liver, Skeletal Muscle, pancreas, pulmonary circulation, kidneys , and RBCs}…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)::cardiac marker}} is used to evaluate hepatocellular disorders, skeletal muscle disorders, pulmonary emboli, an…
Published	07/30/2024	Hepatic marker enzymes include {{c1::alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Upper Limit of AST for different DiseasesViral hepatitis - Up to {{c1::100}} times
Published	07/30/2024	Upper Limit of AST for different Skeletal muscle disorders - Up to {{c1::8}} times
Published	07/30/2024	Upper Limit of AST for different Pulmonary emboli - Up to {{c1::3}} times
Published	07/30/2024	Following AMI, AST levels rise within {{c1::6-8}} hours, peak within {{c2::18-24}} hours, and return to normal within {{c3::4-5}} days
Published	07/30/2024	Analysis of {{c1::AST}} can be achieved by a coupled reaction involving {{c2::pyridoxal-5’ -phosphate (P-5’ -P)}} and {{c2::malate dehydrogenase (MDH)…
Published	07/30/2024	AST Levels are measured through a {{c1::de::de/in}}crease in absorbance
Published	07/30/2024	Specimen for measuring AST levels: {{c1::Serum or heparinized plasma free from hemolysis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Reference Ranges of AST in Adult male: <{{c1::35}} U/L
Published	07/30/2024	Reference Ranges of AST in Adult female: <{{c1::31}} U/L
Published	07/30/2024	Lactate Dehydrogenase is located in the following:{{c1::Heart, Liver, Skeletal Muscle, Kidneys, and RBCs}}
Published	07/30/2024	LD Isozymes are composed of {{c2::four::#}} subunits/tetramer (mainly polypeptide chains) derived from two types of polypeptides designated {{c1::M (m…
Published	07/30/2024	Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes IsozymeClinical Correlate {{c1::LD-1 and LD-2}}• Acute myocardial infarction…
Published	07/30/2024	Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes IsozymeClinical Correlate {{c1::LD-3}}• Pulmonary Disorders• Pancreatitis• Lymphoc…
Published	07/30/2024	Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes IsozymeClinical Correlate {{c1::LD-4 and LD-5}}• Liver and skeletal muscle di…
Published	07/30/2024	Following AMI, LD levels rise within {{c1::8-12}} hours, peak within {{c2::24-48}} hours, and return to normal within {{c3::7-10}} days
Published	07/30/2024	In measuring LD, {{c1::lactate}} is the substrate that the LD converts to {{c1::pyruvate}} in the presence of {{c2::NAD+}}, which converts to {{c2::NA…
Published	07/30/2024	The LD enzymes are be separated by {{c1::electrophoresis}}
Published	07/30/2024	The LD{{c1::1 and LD2}} isoenzyme/s can be isolated using antigen-antibody reactions.
Published	07/30/2024	Specimen for measuring LD and CK levels: {{c1::Serum and non-hemolyzed}} sample
Published	07/30/2024	Reference Range of LD in Male/Female {{c1::180-360}} IU/L
Published	07/30/2024	LD Isozyme Reference Range (% OF TOTAL LD){{c1::LD1}}: 14-26%
Published	07/30/2024	LD Isozyme Reference Range (% OF TOTAL LD){{c1::LD2}}: 29-39%
Published	07/30/2024	LD Isozyme Reference Range (% OF TOTAL LD){{c1::LD4}}: 8-16%
Published	07/30/2024	LD Isozyme Reference Range (% OF TOTAL LD){{c1::LD5}}: 6-16%
Published	07/30/2024	The following CK isoenzyme/s is/are associated with heart muscle damage and elevations are indicative of AMI when used with other markers{{c1::CK-MB/C…
Published	07/30/2024	The following CK isoenzyme/s is/are associated with skeletal muscle damage {{c1::CK-MB/CK-2 and CK-MM/CK-3}}
Published	07/30/2024	Marker increased in CNS disorders, seizures, convulsions, and tumors of various organs{{c1::CK-BB/CK-1}}
Published	07/30/2024	When we suspect AMI, we check CK-MB fraction along with {{c1::cardiac troponin (I and T)}} and sometimes, {{c1::myoglobin}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Following AMI, CK-MB levels rise within {{c1::4-6}} hours, peak within {{c2::12-24}} hours, and return to normal within {{c3::2-3}} days
Published	07/30/2024	Creatinine kinase activates creatinine in muscle by transferring a {{c1::high-energy phosphate group}} in the reaction.
Published	07/30/2024	Test Method 1 for CK  EnzymeReaction CK{{c3::Creatinine + ATP ↔  creatinine phosphate + ADP}}{{c1::Pyru…
Published	07/30/2024	CK levels are measured through a {{c1::de::de/in}}crease in {{c2::NADH}} that reflects the activity of CK in serum
Published	07/30/2024	Hemolysis may elevate CK because RBCs may contain {{c1::adenylate kinase::enzyme}} (catalyzes ADP -> ATP) which increases ATP, causing false increa…
Published	07/30/2024	Gender RangeCK Range Male{{c1::46 - 171}} U/LFemale{{c2::34 - 145}} U/L
Published	07/30/2024	In the CK-MB method, only the CK-{{c1::B}} component will react
Published	07/30/2024	In testing for CK-MB, the sample is intubated in the CK-MB reagent which includes the {{c1::anti-CK-M antibody}}
Published	07/30/2024	Test Methodology for CK-MB: Reaction  EnzymeReaction CK-B{{c3::Creatinine + ADP↔ creatinine phosphate + ATP}}…
Published	07/30/2024	CK-MB Reference Range: {{c1::<3.9}}% or {{c1::<5.0}} μg/L
Published	07/30/2024	Troponin/s that can be used as Cardiac Markers for AMI{{c1::cTnI and cTnT}}
Published	07/30/2024	Myoglobin, cTnT and cTnI are measured using {{c1::radio immunoassay method}}.
Published	07/30/2024	In the Antigen-Capture Immunoassay method {{c1::A}},[VR] 1. Label Signal 2. Target analyte (troponin T) concentration{{c2::B. Inversely related}}
Published	07/30/2024	CTnT MethodAntigen-Capture Immunoassay method B is {{c1::inversely::directly/inversely}} related.
Published	07/30/2024	CTnT MethodWe use this method if we want to detect the {{c1::antibody}}.
Published	07/30/2024	In the non-competitive immunoassay method, [VR] 1. Label Signal 2. Target analyte (troponin T) concentration{{c1::A. directly related}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chemiluminescence}} is the most sensitive test for the cTnT.
Published	07/30/2024	Specimen used for cTnT determination is {{c1::serum}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Reference Range for cTnT: {{c1::<0.01}} μg/L
Published	07/30/2024	cTnI can be measured in serum for {{c1::1 to 14::range}} days
Published	07/30/2024	The common principle of analysis for cTnI is immunoassay, using {{c1::anti-troponin monoclonal antibody and chemiluminescence}}
Published	07/30/2024	Specimen for testing cTnI is {{c1::heparinized plasma}} with no contamination of buffy coat cells
Published	07/30/2024	Reference Range of cTnI: {{c1::0.0 - 0.05}} ng/mL
Published	07/30/2024	Following AMI, Myoglobin levels rise within {{c1::1-3}} hours, peak within {{c2::5-12}} hours, and return to normal within {{c3::18-30}} HOURS
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Myoglobin::cardiac marker}} is not tissue specific, thus it is better used as a negative predictor
Published	07/30/2024	Myoglobin is quantified by {{c1::immunoassay::method}}
Published	07/30/2024	GenderMyoglobin Range Male{{c1::30-90}} ng/mLFemale{{c2::<50}} ng/mL
Published	07/30/2024	Troponin I is very specific, but it lasts very long and thus, cannot detect {{c1::reinfarction}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Alcohol and drugs such as {{c2::opiates, salicylates, or ampicillin::3}} may {{c1::in::de/in}}crease AST activity.
Published	07/30/2024	Freezing WHOLE blood runs the risk of {{c1::hemolysis. read extra}}
Published	07/30/2024	CK-{{c1::BB}} or CK-{{c1::1}} isoenzyme belongs to the brain
Published	07/30/2024	CK-{{c1::MB}} or CK-{{c1::2}} isoenzyme belongs to the heart
Published	07/30/2024	CK-{{c1::MM}} or CK-{{c1::3}} isoenzyme belongs to the muscles
Published	07/30/2024	A patient with a tumor in the prostate gland will see an increase in CK-{{c1::BB}}
Published	07/30/2024	Test Method 2 for CK EnzymeReaction CK{{c3::Creatinine phosphate + ADP ↔ Creatinine + ATP}}{{c1::Hexokinase (HK)}…
Published	07/30/2024	All cardiac markers under spectrophotometry are measured at {{c1::340}} nm
Published	07/30/2024	Troponin {{c1::C}} cardiac marker should not be ordered
Published	07/30/2024	Cardiac Troponin {{c1::T}} is in its bound form in the heart and free form in the {{c2::cytoplasm}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cardiac Troponin {{c1::I}} is only found in cardiac muscle
Published	07/30/2024	Presence of biomarkers at the onset of MI: {{c1::Myoglobin}} -> {{c2::Troponin}} (large infarction) -> {{c2::Troponin}} (small infarction) …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::CK-MB::CK isoenzyme}} values >{{c2::6}}% of total CK are suggestive of AMI
Published	07/30/2024	The rate of {{c1::NADH::product}} formation in the CK-MB reaction, is {{c1::directly::directly/indirectly}} proportional to serum CK-B activity. …
Published	07/30/2024	Following AMI (Cardiac Troponin T and I) DescriptioncTnTcTnI Increases in{{c1::3-4}} hours following infarction{{c2::3…
Published	07/30/2024	Upper Limit of AST for different DiseasesInfectious mononucleosis - Up to {{c1::20}} times
Published	07/30/2024	Upper Limit of AST for different DiseasesCirrhosis - Up to {{c1::4}} times
Status	Last Update	Fields