Notes in Male Genitalia

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Published	08/28/2024	Meaning of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
Published	08/28/2024	In which age group is BPH common in?
Published	08/28/2024	Anatomy of Prostate:
Published	08/28/2024	What is the more potent androgen? Which enzyme required? Where is it produced?
Published	08/28/2024	What happens to the testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels throughout aging?
Published	08/28/2024	What is the underlying cause of benign prostate hyperplasia?
Published	08/28/2024	What is the connection between BPH and prostate cancer?
Published	08/28/2024	Where do hyperplastic nodules form in BPH? What is a complication of this growth?
Published	08/28/2024	How might bladder hypertrophy result from BPH?
Published	08/28/2024	Symptoms/ Clinical features of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH):
Published	08/28/2024	Diagnosis of Benign prostatic hyperplasia:
Published	08/28/2024	Treatment of BPH:
Published	08/28/2024	Overview of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH):
Published	08/28/2024	What is Erectile Dysfunction?
Published	08/28/2024	What is the sexual response cycle?
Published	08/28/2024	Anatomy of penis:
Published	08/28/2024	Innervation of Penis:
Published	08/28/2024	How might an erection occur?
Published	08/28/2024	What are causes of erectile dysfunction?
Published	08/28/2024	Overview of Prostate cancer:
Published	08/28/2024	Diagnosis and treatment of Erectile Dysfunction:
Published	08/28/2024	Overview of Erectile Dysfunction:
Published	08/28/2024	What type of cancer is seen in the prostate?
Published	08/28/2024	What type of cell is mutated in Prostate Adenocarcinoma? Which gene is mutated? What are some risk factors?
Published	08/28/2024	Symptoms of Prostate cancer:
Published	08/28/2024	Diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer:
Published	08/28/2024	Define Priapism:
Published	08/28/2024	Define Protstatis:
Published	08/28/2024	Define Varicocele: cause? location? comlication? association? Presentation?
Published	08/28/2024	Define Cryptorchidism:
Published	08/28/2024	Define Epididymitis:
Published	08/28/2024	Define testicular torsion:
Published	08/28/2024	Define Orchitis:
Published	08/28/2024	Define Penile Cancer:
Published	08/28/2024	Define Testicular Cancer:
Published	08/28/2024	What is the most common penis malformation?
Published	08/28/2024	Define Hypospadias:
Published	08/28/2024	Define Epispadias:
Published	08/28/2024	Is hypospadias or epispadias more common?
Published	08/28/2024	What is hypospadias associated with and what might it lead to increased risk for?
Published	08/28/2024	Define Balanitis and balanoposthitis. Common agents? Hygiene?
Published	08/28/2024	What is Smegma?
Published	08/28/2024	What is Phimosis?
Published	08/28/2024	More than 95% of penile neoplasms arise on _______ . How common?
Published	08/28/2024	What gives an increased risk for penile squamous cell carcinoma?
Published	08/28/2024	What is Bowen Disease?
Published	08/28/2024	Define Invasive Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis:
Published	08/28/2024	Define penile verrucous carcinoma:
Published	08/28/2024	Hypospadias is due to:
Published	08/28/2024	Epispadias is due to...
Published	08/28/2024	What is epispadias associated with?
Published	08/28/2024	When does hypospadias or epispadias occur in developement?
Published	08/28/2024	Define Condyloma Acuminatum:
Published	08/28/2024	What is Condyloma Acuminatum due to? Which cellular change is seen?
Published	08/28/2024
Published	08/28/2024	Define Lymphogranuloma Venereum. What is it caused by? What may it cause?
Published	08/28/2024	What causes Lymphogranuloma Venereum? Specifically?
Published	08/28/2024	Penile Squamnous cell carcinoma is a _____ proliferation of squamous cells of penile skin
Published	08/28/2024	What are the risk factors for Penile Squamous Cell carcinoma:
Published	08/28/2024	What are the 3 precursor lesions to Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma? How do they present?
Published	08/28/2024	Define Erythroplasia of Queyrat:
Published	08/28/2024	Define Bowenoid Papulosis:
Published	08/28/2024	How does the precursor lesion Bowenoid Papulosis differ from other penile squamous cell carcinoma precursor lesions?
Published	08/28/2024	What is psoriasis?
Published	08/28/2024	Which scrotal sac cancers might arise? In which context?
Published	08/28/2024	Which disorders unrelated to the testes or epididymis may cause scrotal enlargements?
Published	08/28/2024	Define Hydrocele:
Published	08/28/2024	Define Hematocele and Chylocele:
Published	08/28/2024	Cryptorchidism is a failure of ________ into the scrotum
Published	08/28/2024	When do the testes decend in development?
Published	08/28/2024	When is the diagnosis of cryptochidism made?
Published	08/28/2024	Cryptorchidism affects __% of the male population.
Published	08/28/2024	What is the cause of Cryptorchidism? Unilat vs bilateral %? Complications?
Published	08/28/2024	Treating Cryptochidism?
Published	08/28/2024	Microscopic appearance of testis in Cryptochidism?
Published	08/28/2024	Cryptochidism leads to an increased risk of what?
Published	08/28/2024	Inflammation is more common in ______ than the testis proper
Published	08/28/2024	What are common causes of testicular inflammation?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe non specific epididymitis and orchitis. Histology?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Mumps infection involvement in testicular inflammaion:
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Testicular tuberculosis role in testicular inflammation:
Published	08/28/2024	What is seen in veins vs arteries in testicular torsion? What can testicular torsion lead to?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe the two types of testicular torsion:
Published	08/28/2024	What is the cause of adult testicular torsion?
Published	08/28/2024	Treatment of testicular torsion?
Published	08/28/2024	What is the most common congenital male reproductive abnormality?
Published	08/28/2024	Cryptochidism has a 3-5x increased risk for developing what?
Published	08/28/2024	Define orchitis:
Published	08/28/2024	What tissue does Mumps virus usually attack?
Published	08/28/2024	Which STIs can cause Orchitis? Which age group? Complications? Libido?
Published	08/28/2024	Bacterias causing Orchitis? Age? Association?
Published	08/28/2024	____ virus causing Orchitis?
Published	08/28/2024	Autoimmune vs TB causing Orchitis?
Published	08/28/2024	Testicular torsion presents as?
Published	08/28/2024	Which testicular condition is associated with Renal Cell carcinoma?
Published	08/28/2024	Which side is most commonly affected by Varicocele?
Published	08/28/2024	A hydrocele is caused by what?
Published	08/28/2024	What is the Tunica vaginalis?
Published	08/28/2024	What is hydrocele associated with?
Published	08/28/2024	How many people aquire testicular neoplasms? Which age group? Race? Type? Presentation? Risk factors?
Published	08/28/2024	Neoplasms of the testis are heterogeneous and include ______ & _______
Published	08/28/2024	In postpubertal males, __% of testicular tumors arise from germ cells, and almost all are _____. By contrast, sex cord-stromal tumors derived from…
Published	08/28/2024	What are some risk factors/predisposing disorders that may lead to Testicular germ cell cancer?
Published	08/28/2024	Which genetic factors are important in testicular neoplasms (germ cell tumors)?
Published	08/28/2024	Most testicular tumors in postpubertal males arise from ______________
Published	08/28/2024	Describe germ cell neoplasia in situ precursor lesions:
Published	08/28/2024	Testicular germ cell tumors are subclassified into ________ and ___________ germ cell tumors
Published	08/28/2024	Summary table of testicular germ cell tumors!!!!! IMPORTANT
Published	08/28/2024	_______ are the most common germ cell tumor? Which % of total?
Published	08/28/2024	Which tumors are Histologically identical to seminomas?
Published	08/28/2024	Pure vs mixed germ cell tumor meaning?
Published	08/28/2024	Seminoma Morphology and Clinical Presentation:
Published	08/28/2024	Spermatocytic Tumor Morphology and Clinical Feature:
Published	08/28/2024	Embryonal Carcinoma Morphology and Clinical Presentation:
Published	08/28/2024	Yolk Sac Tumor Morphology and Clinical Presentation:
Published	08/28/2024	Choriocarcinoma tumor Morphology and Clinical Presentation:
Published	08/28/2024	Teratoma Morphology and Clinical Presentation:
Published	08/28/2024	Basic clinical presentation of testicular germ cell tumors.... Seminomas vs Nonseminomatous... Tumor markers?
Published	08/28/2024	Treatment of testicular germ cell neoplasms:
Published	08/28/2024	Germ cell neoplasm tumor markers:
Published	08/28/2024	Normal Testi Histology
Published	08/28/2024	Why is it dangerous to take a biopsy of testicular cancer?
Published	08/28/2024	Difference in treatment and spread tendencies of Seminomas vs Nonseminomas (germ cell tumors):
Published	08/28/2024	Different gross appearance of Seminomas vs Embryonal Carcinoma:
Published	08/28/2024	What might happen if an Embryonal Carcinoma of the testis is treated with chemotherapy?
Published	08/28/2024	Which cell is responsible in testicular cancers for the production of beta-hCG?
Published	08/28/2024	The alpha-subunit of hCG is similar to ___ ____ ____ and patients with choriocardinomas might develop  ______ or _____
Published	08/28/2024	Teratomas are ____ in males; Teratomas are _______ in females
Published	08/28/2024	Mixed Germ cell testicular cancers morphology and clinical features:
Published	08/28/2024	Describe sex cord-stromal tumors of the testicle:
Published	08/28/2024	Lymfoma of the testicles:
Published	08/28/2024	Which are the important regions of the prostate and which type of disorders can be found/diagnosed within these specific regions?
Published	08/28/2024	Prostatitis can be divided into 3 categories:
Published	08/28/2024	How is the diagnosis of prostatitis? What is the exception?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe granulomatous prostatitis:
Published	08/28/2024	What is the most common cause of granulomatous prostatitis in the USA?
Published	08/28/2024	What is Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)?
Published	08/28/2024	Clinical presentation and treatment of Acute Bacterial Prostatitis; Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis; and Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome
Published	08/28/2024	Clinical presentation and treatment of Acute bacterial prostatitis:
Published	08/28/2024	Clinical presentation and treatment of Chronic bacterial prostatitis:
Published	08/28/2024	Clinical presentation and treatment of Chronic pelvic pain syndrome (prostatitis):
Published	08/28/2024	Morphology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH):
Published	08/28/2024	What is the most common cancer in men? Which age is this cancer seen in?
Published	08/28/2024	Why is the mortality rate of prostate cancer relatively low? Why is this controversial?
Published	08/28/2024	What is the Pathogenesis of Prostate Cancer (Adenocarcinoma)... RISK factors:
Published	08/28/2024	Morphology of Prostate Cancer (adenocarcinoma): Gleason system?
Published	08/28/2024	How is Prostate Adenocarcinoma graded?
Published	08/28/2024	Clinical features of Prostate Adenocarcinoma:
Published	08/28/2024	What is PSA assay used for and what is its limitations? What is a more appropriate use of PSA?
Published	08/28/2024	Treatment of Prostate cancer?
Published	08/28/2024	Define the Gleason System:
Published	08/28/2024	By which method is the prostate palpable by?
Published	08/28/2024	Where is DHT produced and where does it bind? What does this result in?
Published	08/28/2024	Normal PSA level in blood?
Published	08/28/2024	What produces PSA and what is its function?
Published	08/28/2024	What is REQUIRED for diagnosis of Prostate Adenocarcinoma?
Published	08/28/2024	Gleason grading system is based on ________ alone not nuclear atypia
Published	08/28/2024	Where does Prostate Adenocarcinoma usually spread to? What is seen? Blood markers?
Published	08/28/2024	How and when screening for Prostate Cancer:
Published	08/28/2024	Difference in treatment of prostate cancer if local vs metastatic?
Published	08/28/2024	What is seen with % free-PSA in prostate cancer?
Published	08/28/2024	Why does PSA normally increase with age?
Published	08/28/2024	Where does Prostatic Adenocarcinoma usually arise? What does this mean for symptoms?
Published	08/28/2024	The renal pelves, ureters, bladder, and urethra are lined by specialized multi-layer transitional epithelium called ______
Published	08/28/2024	What makes up the bladder wall?
Published	08/28/2024	Define Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction: gender? complications?
Published	08/28/2024	What are the most common Malignant tumors of the ureter? Pathologically similar to what?
Published	08/28/2024	Define Retroperitoneal fibrosis: complications? Age? Association? Idiopathic name?
Published	08/28/2024	Define a vesical diverticulum: how do they arrise? Complications?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe the various forms Urinary Bladder Cystitis may take?
Published	08/28/2024	Define Bacterial Cystitis: Common agents? Gender?
Published	08/28/2024	Define Hemorrhagic cystitis: Predisposing factors? drug assocation? virus association? Symptoms?
Published	08/28/2024	Define Interstitial cystitis:
Published	08/28/2024	Define Malakoplakia:
Published	08/28/2024	Define Polypoid cystitis:
Published	08/28/2024	Metaplasia of the lining of the urinary bladder:
Published	08/28/2024	Neoplasms of the Urinary Bladder: %? Common types? Epidemology?
Published	08/28/2024	Pathogenesis of Urinary Bladder Urothelial carcinoma:
Published	08/28/2024	What are important risk factors of urothelial carcinoma? Infection?
Published	08/28/2024	Genetic alterations commonly seen in urothelial carcinoma?
Published	08/28/2024	Morphology of Urothelial Carcinoma:
Published	08/28/2024	Morphology of Squamous cell carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma of the bladder:
Published	08/28/2024	Clinical features and Symptoms of Bladder tumors (urothelial carcinoma):
Published	08/28/2024	Treatment of Bladder cancer:
Published	08/28/2024	What is the #1 Risk factor for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder?
Published	08/28/2024	What are the 2 pathways of which urothelial carcinoma of the bladder may occur?
Published	08/28/2024	Which age group does urothelial carcinoma of the bladder occur?
Published	08/28/2024	Define Squamous Cell carcinoma of the bladder:
Published	08/28/2024	Risk factors of Squamous Cell carcinoma of the bladder: HIGHyield age/background/infection?
Published	08/28/2024	Adenocarcinoma of the Bladder:
Published	08/28/2024	What is a common remnant in which bladder adenocarcinoma may arise? Why?
Published	08/28/2024	What might a Schistoma Hematobium infection lead to? Who will aquire?
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