Notes in Pain Management

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Published	09/19/2024	What are the four parts to the pain pathway?1. {{c1::Transduction}}2. {{c1::Transmission}}3. {{c1::Modulation}}4. {{c1::Perception}}
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Nociception}} is the unconscious detection of tissue injury, a function of first order and second order neurons
Published	09/19/2024	What fiber type transmits pain and temperature?{{c1::A-delta and C}}
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Nociceptor-induced inflammation}} is characterized by an over-activation of primary afferents that can stimulate inflammation, due to increased …
Published	09/22/2024	The {{c1::sensory-discriminative}} system codes pain location and intensity
Published	09/19/2024	The {{c1::affective-motivational}} system encodes the suffering associated with the feelings of pain
Published	09/21/2024	The {{c1::cognitive-behavioral}} system encodes conscious behavior to a painful stimulus or to ongoing painful experience
Published	09/19/2024	A lesion to the {{c1::anterior cingulate cortex}} will cause blunting of affective component
Published	09/19/2024	A lesion to the {{c1::insular cortex}} will cause {{c2::asymbolia}}, the ability to localize pain without an affective component
Published	09/19/2024	The most important endogenous analgesic opioids are {{c1::met-enkephalin}} and {{c1::leu-enkephalin}}
Published	09/19/2024	What are the two mechanisms that opioids reduce nociception?{{c1::Spinal and Supraspinal}}
Published	09/19/2024	Which mechanism (spinal or supraspinal) has less systemic effects?{{c1::Spinal}}
Published	09/19/2024	Which mechanism (spinal or supraspinal) inhibits afferent stimulation to the brain?{{c1::Spinal}}
Published	09/19/2024	Which mechanism (spinal or supraspinal) stimulate "pain-inhibitory" neuronal efferents?{{c1::Supraspinal}}
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Pain}} is a central nervous system interpretation of a signal from the periphery.
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Nociception}} is the signal from the periphery sent to the brain.
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Transduction}} refers to the processes by which tissue-damaging stimuli activate nerve endings.
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Transmission}} is where the signals are transmitted from the periphery to the {{c2::dorsal horn}} (DH), which is  in the spinal cord.
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Boas sign}} is a clinical sign that is defined as {{c2::hyperesthesia}} felt by the patient to light touch in the right lower sca…
Published	09/19/2024	Analgesics opioid-peptides are: 1) {{c1::Enkephalins}}2) {{c1::Endorphins}}3) {{c1::Dynorphins}}
Published	09/19/2024	The mu opioid receptor is responsible for loss of {{c1::respiratory}} drive. One advantage of {{c2::kappa agonists::drug class}} is they are associate…
Published	09/24/2024	Activation of {{c1::κ}}-opioid receptor is associated with {{c2::vomiting}} and {{c3::dysphoria}}
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Analgesia}} is the absence of pain in response to stimulation which would normally be painful
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Causalgia}} is a syndrome of sustained {{c2::burning}} pain (allodynia and hyperpathia) after traumatic nerve lesion.
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Hyperpathia}} is a pain syndrome characterized by abnormal reaction to stimulus.
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Neurogenic}} Pain is the pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion, dysfunction, or transitory perturbation in either peripheral or…
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Neuropathic}} Pain is the pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion of dysfunction in the nervous system. Pain independent of noxio…
Published	09/19/2024	Presynaptically, {{c1::mu, delta, kappa::3}} receptors are coupled to {{c2::Gi}} and {{c3::decrease}} {{c4::Ca2+}} and {{c3::decrease}} {{c4::neu…
Published	09/19/2024	Postsynaptically, {{c1::mu}} receptors are coupled to {{c2::Gi}} and {{c3::increase}} K+ outflow, causing {{c4::hyper}}-polarization and {{c5::de…
Published	09/23/2024	In addition to the other effects, the {{c3::kappa}} receptor causes {{c1::psychotomimesis}} and {{c2::diuresis}}, while the {{c4::mu}} receptor causes…
Published	09/19/2024	What is a diagnostic sign of opioid overdose?{{c1::Miosis}}
Published	09/19/2024	What can be observed after a large, rapid IV dose of highly-solube opioids?{{c1::Truncal rigidity}}
Published	09/29/2024	The two synthetic opiates selective for GI (anti-diarrheals) are {{c1::diphenoxylate}} and {{c2::loperamide}}
Published	09/19/2024	Opioids can cause miscellaneous organ system effects as well like {{c1::pruritus}}, due to disinhibition of inhibitory interneurons
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