Notes in Week 3

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	02/27/2025	{{c1::Atrial fibrillation}} is characterized by a chaotic and erratic baseline with no discrete {{c2::P}} waves in between irregularly spaced QRS comp…
Published	02/27/2025	Atrial fibrillation is characterized by a(n) {{c1::irregularly}}, {{c1::irregular}} patterned rhythm
Published	02/27/2025	Atrial fibrillation can lead to thromboembolic events, particularly {{c1::stroke::brain complication}}
Published	02/27/2025	The most common risk factors for atrial fibrillation include {{c1::hypertension (1st)::most common}} and {{c1::advanced age (2nd)}}
Published	02/27/2025	Atrial {{c1::flutter}} is characterized by a rapid succession of identical, back-to-back atrial depolarization waves
Published	02/27/2025	Atrial {{c2::flutter}} typically has a 2:1 or 4:1 "{{c1::sawtooth}}" pattern appearance on ECG
Published	02/27/2025	What is the definitive treatment for atrial flutter?{{c1::Catheter ablation}}
Published	02/27/2025	{{c1::Ventricular fibrillation}} is characterized by a completely erratic rhythm with no identifiable waves on ECG
Published	02/27/2025	{{c1::Ventricular}} fibrillation is a fatal arrhythmia without immediate CPR and defibrillation
Published	02/27/2025	{{c1::1st}} degree AV block is characterized by a PR interval > {{c2::200}} msec on ECG
Published	02/27/2025	{{c1::2nd degree Mobitz type I (Wenckebach)}} AV block is characterized by progressive lengthening of the {{c2::PR}} interval until a QRS is "dropped"
Published	02/27/2025	2nd degree Mobitz type I AV block is characterized by a(n) {{c1::regularly}} {{c1::irregular}} rhythm on ECG and progressive {{c1::PR interval}} prolo…
Published	02/27/2025	{{c1::2nd degree Mobitz type II}} AV block is characterized by dropped beats that are not preceded by a change in length of the PR interval on ECG
Published	02/27/2025	2nd degree Mobitz type II AV block may progress to {{c1::3rd}}-degree block
Published	02/27/2025	2nd degree Mobitz type II AV block is often treated with a(n) {{c1::cardiac pacemaker}}
Published	02/27/2025	{{c1::3rd}} degree AV block is characterized by independent beating of the atria and ventricles (P waves and QRS complexes are not rhythmically associ…
Published	02/27/2025	What is the treatment for 3rd-degree AV block?{{c1::Artificial cardiac pacemaker}}
Published	02/27/2025	What pathology is indicated on the ECG below? {{c1::Atrial fibrillation}}
Published	02/27/2025	What pathology is indicated on the ECG below? {{c1::Atrial flutter}}
Published	02/27/2025	What pathology is indicated on the ECG below? {{c1::Ventricular fibrillation::}}
Published	02/27/2025	What pathology is indicated on the ECG below?{{c1::1st degree AV block}}
Published	02/27/2025	What pathology is indicated on the ECG below? {{c1::2nd degree AV block, Mobitz type I (Wenckebach)}}
Published	02/27/2025	What pathology is indicated on the ECG below? {{c1::2nd degree AV block, Mobitz type II}}
Published	02/27/2025	What pathology is indicated on the ECG below? {{c1::3rd-degree AV block}}
Published	02/27/2025	Commotio cordis is ventricular fibrillation caused by {{c1::blunt cardiac injury}}
Published	02/27/2025	Approximately 90% of left atrial thrombi are found within the {{c1::left atrial appendage}} in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation
Published	02/27/2025	Atrial {{c1::flutter}} is most often caused by a re-entrant current that rotates around the {{c2::tricuspid annulus}}
Published	02/27/2025	Holiday heart syndrome describes the precipitation of {{c1::atrial fibrillation}} after excessive alcohol consumption
Published	02/27/2025	2nd degree Mobitz type I AV block is often managed with {{c1::observation}}
Published	02/27/2025	The heart sound {{c1::S1}} is due to {{c2::mitral}} and {{c2::tricuspid}} valve closure
Published	02/27/2025	The normal heart sound {{c1::S1}} is loudest at the mitral area
Published	02/27/2025	The heart sound {{c1::S2}} is due to {{c2::aortic}} and {{c2::pulmonic}} valve closure
Published	02/27/2025	The normal heart sound {{c1::S2}} is loudest at the left upper sternal border
Published	02/27/2025	Is the fourth heart sound (S4) normally audible in young adults?{{c1::No}}
Published	02/27/2025	The heart sound {{c1::S4}} can be associated with ventricular {{c2::noncompliance}}
Published	02/27/2025	The abnormal heart sounds S3 and S4 are best heard at the {{c1::mitral area (apex)}}, with the patient in left lateral decubitus position
Published	02/27/2025	Which abnormal heart sound may be audible during atrial systole (late ventricular diastole)?{{c1::S4}}Heard immediately after atrial {{c1::contraction…
Published	02/27/2025	The heart sound {{c1::S1}} may be audible during isovolumetric contraction
Published	02/27/2025	The heart sound {{c1::S2}} may be audible during isovolumetric relaxation
Published	02/27/2025	The abnormal heart sound {{c1::S3}} may be audible during rapid ventricular filling (early diastole)
Published	02/27/2025	In what demographics may the heart sound S3 be normal?{{c1::Children, young adults, pregnant patients, athletes::4 options}}
Published	02/27/2025	The presence of the heart sound S3 in middle-aged or older adults indicates {{c1::volume}} overload
Published	02/27/2025	Pulsus alternans refers to the beat-to-beat variation in pulse amplitude due to a change in {{c1::systolic}} blood pressurePrevalent in patients with …
Published	02/27/2025	A dicrotic pulse typically occurs in patients with severe {{c1::systolic}} dysfunction and high systemic {{c1::arterial}} resistanceMechanism: reducti…
Published	02/28/2025	A hyperkinetic pulse can occur with {{c1::aortic regurgitation}} and {{c2::high-output}} conditions
Published	02/27/2025	Vagal maneuvers can be used to acutely terminate which arrhythmia?{{c1::Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT)}}
Published	02/28/2025	test {{c1::t}}
Published	02/27/2025	Classification of heart failure stages: (ACCF/AHA stages)A: high {{c1::risk}} of heart failure but without {{c1::strcutural}} heart disease or {{c1::s…
Published	02/27/2025	Classification of heart failure classes: (NYHA functional classification)I: no limitations of {{c1::physical activity}}II: slight limitations of {{c1:…
Published	02/27/2025	Systolic vs diastolic heart failure:Systolic is {{c1::weak}} heart and {{c1::eccentric}} hypertrophyDiastolic is {{c1::stiff}} heart and {{c1::concent…
Published	02/27/2025	Which of these curves corresponds to systolic and diastolic heart failure:{{c1::}}
Published	02/27/2025	Compared to a healthy person, how is the end-diastolic pressure/volume relationship (EDPVR) altered in a person with heart failure with normal EF?EDPV…
Published	02/27/2025	Left-sided heart failure signs and symptoms:{{c1::Dyspnea}} on exertion{{c1::Orthopnea}}/{{c1::PND}}{{c1::Crackles}} at bases
Published	02/27/2025	Right-sided heart failure signs and symptoms:Elevated {{c1::neck}} veinsSwelling in {{c1::legs}} and {{c1::abdomen}}{{c1::Gut}}/{{c1::kidney}} congest…
Published	02/27/2025	Management of diastolic heart failure:Control the {{c1::BP}} to prevent further wall stiffeningPrescribe a {{c1::diuretic}} to decrease pulmonary and …
Published	02/28/2025	Symptoms of poor perfusion leading to decompensated HFrEF:Narrow {{c1::pulse}} pressure{{c1::Cool}} extremities{{c1::Hypotension}}{{c1::Tachycardia}}A…
Published	02/27/2025	Symptoms of worsening congestion leading to HFrEF decompensation:Jugular venous {{c1::distension}}{{c1::Ascites}}{{c1::Rales}}{{c1::Orthopnea}}Shortne…
Published	02/27/2025	What are common causes of systolic heart failure/HFrEF? {{c1::CAD}} {{c1::Hypertension}} Dilated {{c1::cardiomyopathy}} Valvular (…
Published	02/27/2025	Acute decompensated systolic heart failure/HFrEF:Abnormal myocardium leads to decreased {{c1::contractility}}In response→ increased RAAS and increased…
Published	02/27/2025	{{c1::Chronic ischemic heart disease}} is the progressive onset of heart failure over many years due to chronic ischemic myocardial damage
Published	02/27/2025	{{c1::Heart failure}} is a clinical syndrome of cardiac pump dysfunction which causes congestion and low perfusion
Published	02/27/2025	How does ejection fraction change in heart failure with systolic dysfunction? {{c1::Reduced EF}}
Published	02/27/2025	How does EDV change in heart failure with systolic dysfunction? {{c1::Increased EDV}}
Published	02/27/2025	Systolic dysfunction (heart failure) occurs due to decreased {{c1::contractility}}, often secondary to ischemia/MI or dilated cardiomyopathy
Published	02/27/2025	How does ejection fraction change in heart failure with diastolic dysfunction? {{c1::Preserved EF}}
Published	02/27/2025	How does EDV change in the early stages of heart failure with diastolic dysfunction? {{c1::Normal EDV}} then {{c1::decreases}} as the disease progress…
Published	02/27/2025	Diastolic dysfunction (heart failure) occurs due to decreased {{c1::compliance}}, often secondary to myocardial concentric hypertrophy
Published	02/27/2025	What is the most common cause of right heart failure?{{c1::Left heart failure}}
Published	02/27/2025	Right heart failure may be caused by a long-standing {{c1::left}}-to-{{c1::right}} shunt
Published	02/27/2025	{{c2::Cor pulmonale}} refers to isolated {{c1::right heart failure}} due to a pulmonary cause
Published	02/27/2025	Clinical features of left heart failure are due to {{c1::decreased}} forward perfusion with consequent {{c1::pulmonary}} congestion
Published	02/28/2025	{{c2::Left::Left or Right}} heart failure may present with {{c1::orthopnea}}, which is shortness of breath when supineIncreased {{c2::venous}} return …
Published	02/27/2025	{{c2::Left::Left or Right}} heart failure may present with {{c1::paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)}}, which is breathless awakening from sleepIncreas…
Published	02/27/2025	{{c2::Left::Left or Right}} heart failure may present with pulmonary {{c1::edema}} and/or pulmonary {{c1::hypertension}} due to increased pulmonary ve…
Published	02/27/2025	{{c1::Left::Left or Right}} heart failure may present with {{c2::hemosiderin-laden macrophages}}, known as {{c2::heart failure}} cells, in the lungs
Published	02/27/2025	Left heart failure causes decreased forward perfusion to the kidneys, resulting in activation of the {{c1::renin-angiotensin}} system
Published	02/27/2025	Clinical features of right heart failure are due to systemic {{c1::congestion}}
Published	02/27/2025	{{c2::Right}} heart failure may cause {{c1::jugular venous}} distension due to increased systemic venous pressure
Published	02/27/2025	{{c3::Right}} heart failure may cause painful {{c1::hepatosplenomegaly}}, which rarely may progress to "cardiac {{c2::cirrhosis}}"
Published	02/27/2025	{{c2::Right}} heart failure is associated with a characteristic "{{c1::nutmeg}}" appearance of the liver
Published	02/27/2025	Right heart failure is associated with peripheral {{c1::edema}} due to increased venous pressure and thus fluid transudation
Published	02/27/2025	Heart failure may present with dependent {{c1::pitting edema}} due to increased hydrostatic pressure
Published	02/27/2025	What sound on respiratory exam may be associated with heart failure? {{c1::Crackles}} AKA {{c1::rales}}
Published	02/27/2025	A mainstay of treatment for left heart failure is {{c1::ACE inhibitors}}, which help counteract fluid retention and prevent heart remodeling
Published	02/27/2025	Aortic {{c2::stenosis}} may lead to {{c1::concentric::concentric/eccentric}} left ventricular hypertrophy, which can further progress to heart failure
Published	02/27/2025	Aortic {{c2::regurgitation}} may lead to left ventricle dilation with {{c1::eccentric}} hypertrophy, which can progress to left heart failure
Published	02/27/2025	Systolic dysfunction as a result of dilated cardiomyopathy may lead to biventricular {{c1::congestive heart failure}}
Published	02/27/2025	What type of hypertrophy is seen in dilated cardiomyopathy? {{c1::Eccentric hypertrophy (sarcomeres added in series)}}
Published	02/27/2025	Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causes {{c1::diastolic::systolic or diastolic}} dysfunction
Published	02/27/2025	Dobutamine improves symptoms of decompensated heart failure by increasing {{c1::myocardial contractility}}Leads to improved {{c1::ejection f…
Published	02/27/2025	What abnormal heart sound is associated with a stiff left ventricle (e.g., LV hypertrophy due to prolonged hypertension)? {{c1::S4}}[sound:42 SO - S4 …
Published	02/27/2025	What physical exam maneuver is useful for distinguishing between cardiac- and liver disease-related causes of lower extremity edema?{{c1::Hepatojugula…
Published	02/27/2025	What is the likely diagnosis in a hypertensive patient with symptoms of CHF with LV hypertrophy and an ejection fraction of 55% on echocardiography? {…
Published	02/27/2025	Management of acute decompensated heart failure includes supplemental O2, {{c1::IV loop diuretics}}, and possibly a vasodilator/vasopressor
Published	02/27/2025	Concentric hypertrophy is often seen in {{c1::diastolic::systolic/diastolic}} heart failure
Published	02/27/2025	Patients with acute {{c1::decompensated}} heart failure typically present with progressive {{c2::dyspnea}}, {{c2::orthopnea}}, {{c2::lower extremity}}…
Published	02/27/2025	On chest x-ray of a person with acute decompensated heart failure, you will most likely see:- Prominent cephalization of {{c1::pulmonary vessels}}- Pe…
Published	02/27/2025	{{c1::Kerley B}} lines may also be seen on a chest x-ray of a patient with acute decompensated heart failure
Published	02/27/2025	Myocardial infarction-induced acute left ventricular failure can result in rapid onset {{c1::pulmonary venous hypertension}} and {{c1::acute pulmonary…
Published	02/27/2025	Volume overload in the heart causes {{c1::eccentric}} hypertrophy
Published	02/27/2025	Untreated acromegaly can cause {{c1::concentric::concentric/eccentric}} myocardial hypertrophy, leading to {{c1::diastolic}} heart failure
Published	02/27/2025	Congestive heart failure (CHF) is diagnosed with {{c1::echocardiography::echocardiography/ECG}}Useful for calculating ↓ {{c1::ejection fract…
Published	02/27/2025	One cause of heart failure is due to {{c1::hyper}}tension causing ↑ {{c1::TPR}}
Published	02/27/2025	Diastolic dysfunction (heart failure) occurs due to decreased {{c1::compliance}} leading to {{c1::↑::↑/↓}} LVEDP
Published	03/08/2025	The treatment plan for acute decompensated heart failure may be remembered with the mnemonic "LOVE"{{c1::Loop diuretic (furosemide)::L}} - most import…
Published	02/27/2025	Prominent pulmonary vessels, patchy bilateral airspace opacities, blunting of the costophrenic angles, & fissure sign are CXR findings in what pat…
Published	02/27/2025	Hypotension, clear lungs, and Kussmaul sign are clinical findings in {{c1::right}} ventricular failure immediately after a myocardial infarction{{c1::…
Published	02/27/2025	Chronic cardiac ischemia may lead to {{c1::systolic::diastolic/systolic}} heart failure with {{c1::eccentric}} hypertrophy
Published	02/27/2025	Acute coronary syndrome (ACS), dilated cardiomyopathy, valvular insufficiency, and left-to-right shunts may cause {{c1::systolic::systolic/diastolic}}…
Published	02/27/2025	Systolic heart failure presents with {{c1::increased}} preload due to {{c1::volume-overload}} states
Published	02/27/2025	Compensatory mechanisms of heart failure (e.g., RAAS, ADH activation) {{c1::worsen::worsen/improve}} pulmonary and peripheral edema
Published	02/27/2025	Mitral regurgitation may be seen in {{c1::left}}-sided heart failure due to dilation of the mitral annulus
Published	02/27/2025	Atrial fibrillation may be seen in {{c1::left}}-sided heart failure due to dilation of the atrial tissue
Published	02/27/2025	Pericardial and pleural effusions are associated with {{c1::right}}-sided heart failure
Published	02/27/2025	Right-sided heart failure may present with {{c1::ascites}} in the abdomen/peritoneal cavity due to {{c2::portal hypertension}}Increased portal capilla…
Published	02/27/2025	Chest X-ray of left-sided heart failure may reveal {{c1::air bronchogram}} (dark airway against opacified interstitium) and {{c1::cardiomegaly::heart …
Published	02/27/2025	Peribronchial edema is the cause of wheezing in {{c1::left}}-sided heart failure
Published	02/27/2025	Heart failure may cause {{c1::hypo}}-osmotic volume {{c1::expansion::contraction/expansion}}
Published	02/27/2025	What is the most common cause of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)?{{c1::Chronic uncontrolled hypertension}}
Published	02/27/2025	Serum {{c1::brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)}} is used to distinguish congestive heart failure (CHF) from ARDS{{c1::BNP}} is {{c1::increased:…
Published	02/27/2025	{{c1::S3/S4::Heart sounds (2)}} and {{c1::jugular venous distension::clinical finding (1)}} are used to distinguish CHF from ARDS
Published	02/27/2025	What is the most common cause of dilated cardiomyopathy?{{c1::Titin}} which functions as a {{c1::diastolic}} spring and scaffold for {{c1::sarcomere}}…
Published	02/27/2025	Restrictive cardiomyopathy is a group of diseases with impaired {{c1::diastole}} and normal {{c1::systole}}
Published	02/27/2025	What is one of the main causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy?Interstitial infiltration of {{c1::amyloid}}
Published	02/27/2025	Sinus bradycardia is characterized by sinus {{c1::P}} waves at a rate <{{c1::60}} BPM
Published	02/27/2025	Normal sinus bradycardia is due to a high {{c1::vagal tone}} while abnormal sinus bradycardia is due to {{c1::SA node}} dysfunction
Published	02/27/2025	{{c1::Sinus node}} dysfunction can cause intermittent or persistent unexplained bradycardia and ranges from {{c1::sinus pause}} to complete {{c1:…
Published	02/27/2025	AV block is the excessive slowing or interruption between the {{c1::SA node}} and the {{c1::ventricles}}
Published	02/27/2025	Arrhythmogenic (right ventricular) cardiomyopathy is a rare disorder characterized by replacement of right ventricular muscle with {{c1::fat}}
Published	02/27/2025	Arrhythmogenic (right ventricular) cardiomyopathy leads to {{c1::arrhythmias}} and {{c1::sudden death}} in young patients
Published	02/27/2025	AV block is categorized into 2 levelsNodal: dysfunction within the {{c1::AV node}} Infranodal: dysfunction within the {{c1::bundle of His}}/{{c1:…
Published	02/27/2025	Nodal AV Block causes a {{c1::narrow}} QRS and is often {{c1::benign}} Types of nodal block: {{c1::1st degree AV block}} {{c1::Mobitz type 1…
Published	02/27/2025	Infranodal AV block causes a {{c1::wide}} QRS and is potentially {{c1::lethal}}{{c1::Mobitz Type 2 (2nd degree)}} is an infranodal block
Published	02/27/2025	Nodal AV block can be caused by: Autonomic factors such as increased {{c1::vagal tone}} RCA {{c1::ischemia}} / {{c1::infarct}} {{c1::Me…
Published	02/27/2025	Acute rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disorder causing {{c1::pancarditis}}, {{c1::polyarthritis}}, skin {{c1::rash}}/{{c1::nodules}}, and {{c1::cho…
Published	02/27/2025	Infranodal heart block can be caused by: Anterior {{c1::MI}} Infiltrative diseases such as {{c1::amyloidosis}} and {{c1::sarcoidosis}}{{c1::…
Published	02/27/2025	Necrosis with granuloma-like appearance that appears in acute rheumatic fever is associated with {{c1::Aschoff bodies}}
Published	02/27/2025	Second-degree AV block is characterized by intermittently dropped {{c1::QRS complexes}} and includes {{c1::Mobitz type I}} and {{c1::Mobitz type II}}
Published	02/27/2025	Chronic rheumatic heart disease is chronic inflammation involving {{c1::valves}} and {{c1::chordae tendineae}}Most commonly affects the {{c1::mitral}}…
Published	02/27/2025	Chronic rheumatic heart disease leads to scarring and calcification of {{c1::leaflets}}, {{c1::commissural fusion}} "fish-mouth", and thick fused {{c1…
Published	03/11/2025	Consequences of chronic rheumatic heart disease:Valvular stenosis → {{c1::diastolic}} heart failureRegurgitation → {{c1::systolic}} heart failure
Published	02/27/2025	In {{c1::3rd degree (complete)}} AV block no stimuli are transmitted from the atria to the ventricles The ventricles are paced by {{c1:…
Published	02/27/2025	Recipe for 3rd degree AV block: Bradycardia usually {{c1::30-60}} BPM {{c1::Atrial}} rate > {{c1::Ventricular}} rate {{c1::AV}} diss…
Published	02/27/2025	Infective endocarditis usually affects the {{c1::mitral}} valve or {{c1::mitral and aortic}} valvesInfects the {{c1::tricuspid}} valve in IV-drug user…
Published	02/27/2025	Findings of infective endocarditis:{{c1::Friable}} vegetations of fibrin, {{c1::inflammatory}} cells, and {{c1::bacterial or fungal::2 types}} organis…
Published	02/27/2025	Findings of infective endocarditis:Can {{c1::ulcerate}}/{{c1::perforate}} valve or rupture the {{c1::chordae tendineae}}
Published	02/27/2025	Findings of infective endocarditis:Can {{c1::embolize}} and lead to septic {{c1::infarcts}}
Published	02/27/2025	These images are examples of what?{{c1::Septic emboli}} that have caused {{c1::infarcts}}
Published	02/27/2025	These are examples of what?Peripheral {{c1::embolization}} aka {{c1::Janeway}} lesions
Published	02/27/2025	What type of endocarditis has vegetations of both sides of valve leaflets?{{c1::Libman-Sacks}} endocarditis
Published	02/28/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1112:top=.9294:width=.0601:height=.0524:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3874:top=.9396:width=.0532:height=.048…
Published	02/27/2025	Fibrocalcific aortic stenosis is an idiopathic, aquired, {{c1::degenerative}} diseaseMore prevalent in {{c1::older}} patients and previously abnormal …
Published	02/27/2025	Anatomy of fibrocalcific aortic stenosis:Nodular fibrosis and calcification of {{c1::leaflets}}Accumulation of {{c1::inflammatory}} cells, {{c1::lipid…
Published	02/27/2025	In a patient with acute rheumatic fever, what bacterial virulence factor may be responsible for the autoimmune response?{{c1::M protein}} by group {{c…
Published	02/27/2025	What are the cardiac sequelae of amyloidosis?Cardiac → {{c1::Restrictive}} cardiomyopathy
Published	02/27/2025	Deposition of amyloid protein in which layer of the heart increases the risk of arrhythmias and results in restrictive cardiomyopathy?{{c1::Ventricula…
Published	02/27/2025	What two paraneoplastic syndromes are especially associated with pancreatic adenocarcinoma?{{c1::Trousseau}} syndrome{{c1::Nonbacterial::Bacterial/Non…
Published	02/27/2025	How do β-blockers help patients who have hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?{{c1::Decreases::Increases/Decreases}} heart rateThis allows for greater {{c1::di…
Published	02/27/2025	How is the murmur of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy affected during the following maneuvers?Valsalva maneuver → {{c1::Increased}}Squatting and hand grip …
Published	02/27/2025	How does squatting affect the murmur of mitral valve prolapse?It {{c1::decreases}} the murmur and {{c1::delays}} the onset of the midsystolic click
Published	02/27/2025	How does the Valsalva maneuver affect the murmur of mitral valve prolapse?{{c1::Increases}} murmur and causes {{c1::earlier}} midsystolic click
Published	02/27/2025	What maneuvers decrease the intensity of the murmur of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?Rapid {{c1::squatting}}Passive {{c1::leg raising}}{{c1::Hand grip}}
Published	02/27/2025	Which diastolic and systolic murmurs are best heard at the left sternal border?Diastolic → {{c1::Aortic regurgitation}} and {{c1::pulmonary regurgitat…
Published	02/27/2025	Which systolic and diastolic murmurs are best heard in the mitral area?Systolic → {{c1::Mitral valve prolapse}} and {{c1::mitral regurgitation}}Diasto…
Published	02/27/2025	Most murmurs increase in intensity with passive leg raise and squatting. Which 2 murmurs decrease in intensity with these maneuvers?{{c1::Mitral valve…
Published	02/27/2025	Most murmurs decrease in intensity with the strain phase of the Valsalva maneuver. Which 2 murmurs increase in intensity with this maneuver?{{c1::Mitr…
Published	02/27/2025	What valvular abnormalities can be sequelae of rheumatic fever?{{c1::Mitral stenosis}}{{c1::Mitral valve prolapse}}{{c1::Mitral regurgitation}}{{c1::A…
Published	02/27/2025	What is the most common valvular lesion that can be associated with myxomatous degeneration?{{c1::Mitral valve prolapse}}
Published	02/27/2025	What murmur is associated with the sound pattern shown in the image?{{c1::Mitral valve prolapse}}
Published	02/27/2025	Describe the anatomic mechanism that results in the classic murmur of mitral valve prolapse.There is sudden {{c1::tensing}} of the {{c1::chordae tendi…
Published	02/27/2025	What are the five common conditions in which the Kussmaul sign is seen?{{c1::Restrictive}} cardiomyopathies{{c1::Constrictive pericarditis}}{{c1:…
Published	02/27/2025	What is another name for nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis?{{c1::Marantic}} endocarditis
Published	02/27/2025	Vegetations in nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis usually arise on which valves of the heart?{{c1::Mitral}} valve{{c1::Aortic}} valve
Published	03/01/2025	What is nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis associated with?{{c1::Hypercoagulable}} state observed in advanced malignancy, especially in {{c1::pancre…
Published	02/27/2025	What is the most likely diagnosis based on the pathologic specimen shown in the image?{{c1::Dilated}} cardiomyopathy
Published	02/27/2025	What is the most common cardiomyopathy seen in young athletes with syncope, a family history of sudden cardiac death, and signs of heart failure?{{c1:…
Published	02/27/2025	What is the mode of inheritance of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy?{{c1::Autosomal dominant}}
Published	02/27/2025	What is the major difference between the myocardial cellular structures seen in dilated cardiomyopathy and those seen in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?D…
Published	02/27/2025	What are the 6 causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy?Postradiation {{c1::fibrosis}}{{c1::Löffler}} endocarditisEndocardial {{c1::fibroelastosis}}{{c1::…
Published	02/27/2025	Which cardiomyopathy is commonly associated with Friedreich ataxia?{{c1::Hypertrophic}} cardiomyopathy
Published	02/27/2025	What 2 common cardiomyopathies present with diastolic dysfunction?{{c1::Restrictive}} cardiomyopathy{{c1::Hypertrophic}} cardiomyopathy
Published	02/27/2025	Which restrictive cardiomyopathy will demonstrate pathologic appearance of thick fibroelastic tissue in the endocardium?Endocardial {{c1::fibroelastos…
Published	02/27/2025	Which extra heart sounds are present in dilated cardiomyopathy?{{c1::Systolic::Systolic/Diastolic}} {{c1::regurgitant}} murmur{{c1::S3}}
Published	02/27/2025	What are 2 common medications for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?{{c1::β-blockers}}{{c1::Nondihydropyridine Ca2+ channel}} blockers
Published	02/27/2025	What are 2 common non-pharmaceutical treatments for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?Cessation of high-{{c1::intensity}} sportsPlacement of implantable {{c…
Published	02/27/2025	What is the most likely diagnosis based on the pathologic specimen shown in the image?{{c1::Hypertrophic}} cardiomyopathy
Published	02/27/2025	What is the major pathophysiologic mechanism associated with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy?Hypertrophied {{c1::interventricular se…
Published	02/27/2025	What congenital hematologic disorder can cause both dilated cardiomyopathy and restrictive cardiomyopathy?{{c1::Hemochromatosis}}
Published	02/27/2025	What is the most common gene mutation associated with familial dilated cardiomyopathy?{{c1::TTN}} geneThis encodes the sarcomere protein called {…
Published	02/27/2025	What 3 underlying cardiac conditions are commonly associated with sudden cardiac death?Hereditary {{c1::ion}} channelopathies{{c1::Hypertrophic}} or {…
Published	02/27/2025	What are the 3 major contraindications to administration of nitrates?{{c1::Hypertrophic}} cardiomyopathy{{c1::Right::Left/Right}} {{c1::ventricular::a…
Published	02/27/2025	What 2 cardiac pathologies are most commonly associated with hemochromatosis?{{c1::Restrictive}} cardiomyopathy{{c1::Dilated}} cardiomyopathy
Published	02/27/2025	For what lethal complication should a patient with Friedreich ataxia be frequently monitored?{{c1::Hypertrophic}} cardiomyopathyThis is the most …
Published	02/27/2025	Systolic heart failure has a {{c1::S3}} gallopDiastolic heart failure has a {{c1::S4}} gallop
Published	02/27/2025	Eccentric hypertrophy is seen in heart failure with {{c1::decreased}} wall thickness and ventricular {{c1::enlargment}} → {{c1::systolic}} heart failu…
Published	02/27/2025	Concentric hypertrophy is seen in heart failure with {{c1::increased}} wall thickness and ventricular {{c1::narrowing}} → {{c1::diastolic}} heart fail…
Published	02/27/2025	{{c1::Wolff-Parkinson-White}} syndrome is the most common type of ventricular pre-excitation syndrome
Published	02/27/2025	{{c2::Wolff-Parkinson-White}} syndrome is due to an abnormally fast accessory conduction pathway from the atria to ventricle via the bundle of {{c1::K…
Published	02/27/2025	Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome presents with a characteristic {{c1::delta}} wave on ECG
Published	02/27/2025	Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome presents with a(n) {{c1::widened}} QRS complex and {{c1::shortened}} PR interval on ECG
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