Notes in 03 Autacoids

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Published	07/30/2024	Describe autacoids:{{c1::Varied groups of endogenous substances occurring in minute amounts, with brief duration, act near the site of synthesis, poss…
Published	07/30/2024	4 General Classes of Autacoids:{{c1::Biologically active amines (histamine, serotonin)Ergot alkaloidsEicosanoids (prostaglandins, thromboxane, leukotr…
Published	07/30/2024	Think of 4 situations where autacoids are involved{{c1::InflammationAllergic/Anaphylactic reactionsGastric acid secretionNeurotransmission}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::All}} cells can produce autacoids depending on the reaction or stimulus for the autacoid to be released
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Histamine::Autacoid}} - Released in defense for pathogenic microorganism and triggered by IgE or non IgE-mediated reactions
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Histidine::precursor}} -{{c2::decarboxylase::enzyme/reaction}}→ {{c1::Histamine::autacoid}}
Published	07/30/2024	Histamine is metabolized by {{c1::Diamine Oxidase (DAO) and histamine-N-methyltransferase (HNMT)::2 Enzymes}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Low::Low/High}}er {{c1::DAO::Histamine Enzyme}} activity is a potential indicator of intestinal mucosa damage in inflammatory response and neopl…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::HNMT::Histamine Enzyme}} is an important enzyme of degradation in the {{c2::bronchial epithelium::}}
Published	07/30/2024	Histamine release is implicated in Type {{c1::I}} hypersensitivity reactions
Published	07/30/2024	Histamine Release Pathologic Process of SensitizationAPC → {{c1::T-Helper}} Cells → {{c1::B}} Cells produce Ig{{c2::E}} → Sensitization of mast cells,…
Published	07/30/2024	Histamine PD Receptor SubtypeDistributionPost-Receptor MechanismH1{{c2::Endothelium, Smooth Muscle, Brain}}{{c1::Gq → NF kB}}H2…
Published	07/30/2024	Histamine effects on the Nervous system. Think of {{c2::H1 and H3::receptors}}{{c1::Appetite Suppression (H1 & H3)WakefulnessNociceptionUrticarial…
Published	07/30/2024	Histamine effects on the CVD system. Think of {{c2::H1 and H2::receptors}}{{c1::Vasodilation (↓ BP, flushing, warmth)↑ HR ↑ Contractility (reflex tach…
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Low dose of Histamine1. H1 Vasodilation mediated by {{c2::NO}}2. H2 Vasodilation mediated by {{c2::cAMP}}{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] High dose of Histamine1. H1 Vasodilation mediated by NO2. H2 Vasodilation mediated by cAMP{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Histamine effects on the GIT. Think of {{c2::H1 and H2::receptors}}{{c1::Gastric acid secretionSmooth muscle contraction}}
Published	07/30/2024	Histamine effects on the Respiratory System. Think of {{c2::H1::receptors}}{{c1::Bronchoconstriction}}
Published	07/30/2024	Histamine effects on Preggy Mommies.{{c1::uterine contractions when suffering an anaphylactic reaction}}
Published	07/30/2024	Triple Response of Lewis{{c1::Characteristic red spot↑ vascular permeability → EdemaFlare Response}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Scombroid Fish poisoning}} - One-time-only allergic reaction when ingesting spoiled deep sea fish
Published	07/30/2024	Epinephrine acts as a {{c1::physiologic antagonist::antagonism}} to histamine
Published	07/30/2024	Salbutamol, Nedocromil, Cromolyn acts as {{c1::release inhibitors::antagonism}} to histamine
Published	07/30/2024	Antihistamine acts as a {{c1::inverse agonist::antagonism}} to histamine
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Molecular weight1. 1st Gen H1 Antagonists2. 2nd Gen H1 Antagonists{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Ionized at physiologic pH1. 1st Gen H1 Antagonists2. 2nd Gen H1 Antagonists{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Pumped out of the BBB by P-glycoproteins transporter1. 1st Gen H1 Antagonists2. 2nd Gen H1 Antagonists{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Blockage of Autonomic Receptors1. 1st Gen H1 Antagonists2. 2nd Gen H1 Antagonists{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] metabolized by CYP3A4 system1. 1st Gen H1 Antagonists2. 2nd Gen H1 Antagonists{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Duration of Action1. 1st Gen H1 Antagonists2. 2nd Gen H1 Antagonists{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Anti-inflammatory Effects1. 1st Gen H1 Antagonists2. 2nd Gen H1 Antagonists{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Also attaches to muscarinic alpha-adrenergic and serotonergic receptors1. 1st Gen H1 Antagonists2. 2nd Gen H1 Antagonists{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Are H1 antagonists addictive?{{c1::No. kaya nga OTC siya eh haha::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	H1 Antagonist Effects{{c1::Antinausea/emetic actionsAnti-parkinsonism effectsAnti- PSNS, SNS, and Serotonergic EffectsAnti-pain (Local Anesthesia)::4 …
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Satiety1. Histamine2. H1 Antagonist{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Terfenadine and acrivastine::Specific H1 Antagonists}} can inhibit P-glycoprotein transporter
Published	07/30/2024	Allergic Rhinitis or hay fever DOC: {{c1::glucocorticoids}}
Published	07/30/2024	Allergic Conjunctivitis DOC: {{c1::ketotifen, levocabastine and olopatadine::3 Specific Antihistamines}}
Published	07/30/2024	Allergic Rhinitis or hay fever Antihistamine of Choice: {{c1::azelastine and olopatadine::2 Specific Antihistamines}}
Published	07/30/2024	Asthma Antihistamine of Choice: {{c1::None. haha. Antihistamines are not effective in asthma}}
Published	07/30/2024	Can you use antihistamines for atopic dermatitis?{{c1::Y. but only for sedative effect}}
Published	07/30/2024	Anaphylaxis/Anaphylactoid Reaction DOC: {{c1::Epinephrine}}
Published	07/30/2024	Premedication for Prophylaxis against radiocontrast media: {{c1::Antihistamines, Steroids, H2 Antagonists::3 Drug Classes}}
Published	07/30/2024	Angioedema Antihistamine of Choice: {{c1::NONE HAHA fooled}}
Published	07/30/2024	Antinausea/Antiemetic Antihistamine of Choice: {{c1::Scopolamine, Diphenhydramine, Promethazine, Piperazines (Cyclizine and Meclizine [Bonamine-Biyahi…
Published	07/30/2024	Parkinsons and Local Anesthesia Antihistamine of Choice: {{c1::Diphenhydramine}}
Published	09/11/2024	Appetite Stimulant Antihistamine of Choice: {{c1::Cyproheptadine and Buclizine (Appebon, Mosegor Vita, Propan)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Mast Cell Stabilizer Antihistamine of Choice: {{c1::Cetirizine}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Torsades de pointes}} - Abnormal ECG finding associated with antihistamine and sulfonic acid derivative (COX-2 Inhibitor) overdose
Published	07/30/2024	Antihistamine ADRJust read this. {{c1::It's around the same concept as the effects anyway}}
Published	07/30/2024	H2 Antagonist Effects{{c1::↓ Gastric acid secretion}}Representative Drugs: {{c2::Cimetidine, Ranitidine, Nizatidine, and Famotidine::4}}
Published	07/30/2024	H3 and 4 Antagonist Effects{{c1::May be useful in sleep disorders, obesity, psychiatric disorders, and chronic inflammatory conditions, BUT WE STILL D…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Serotonin or 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)::Autacoid}} - Found in plant and animal tissues, venoms and stings and mostly synthesized in the hu…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Tryptophan::precursor}} -{{c2::Hydroxylation then Decarboxylation::enzyme/reaction}}→ {{c1::Serotonin::autacoid}}
Published	07/30/2024	Serotonin is found in {{c1::HAHA WALA. Found in the mast cells of rodents but NOT IN HUMANS}} granules of mast cells
Published	07/30/2024	Serotonin effects on the Nervous system{{c1::Circadian rhythm (Because it is a precursor for melatonin)↓ Vomiting (receptors in the area postrema)↓ Pa…
Published	07/30/2024	Serotonin effects on the Respiratory system{{c1::Minor bronchoconstriction↑ RR}}
Published	07/30/2024	Serotonin effects on the CVD system{{c1::↑ Vasoconstriction EXCEPT FOR THE SKELETAL MUSCLE AND HEARTCardiac development (recall EMB where SSRIs cause …
Published	07/30/2024	Serotonin effects on the GIT{{c1::Peristalsis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Serotonin PD Mind tricksAll Serotonin receptors are {{c1::G-protein coupled receptors::type}} EXCEPT {{c1::5-HT3}}
Published	07/30/2024	Serotonin PD Mind tricksAll Serotonin receptors are {{c1::excita::inhibi/excita}}tory EXCEPT {{c1::5-HT1 and 5}}
Published	07/30/2024	5-HT{{c1::3}} Receptor is important in reducing emesis/vomiting
Published	07/30/2024	Anxiolysis Serotonin Agonist DOC: {{c1::Buspirone}} attach/es to 5-HT{{c2::1A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Migranes Serotonin Agonist DOC: {{c1::"Triptans"}} attach/es to 5-HT{{c2::1B and 1D}}
Published	07/30/2024	Obesity Serotonin Agonist DOC: {{c1::Lorcaserin}} attach/es to 5-HT{{c2::2C}}
Published	07/30/2024	GERD-induced Peristalsis Serotonin Agonist DOC: {{c1::Tegaserod}} attach/es to 5-HT{{c2::4}}
Published	07/30/2024	Antidepressant Serotonin Agonist DOC: Fluoxetine attach/es to 5-HT{{c2::WALA. wala siyang receptor "daw" (a simple google search disagrees) pero …
Published	07/30/2024	Serotonin Synthesis Inhibition Representative Drugs: {{c1::P-chlorophenylalanine and p-chloroamphetamine}}
Published	07/30/2024	Serotonin Storage Inhibition Representative Drugs: {{c1::Reserpine}}
Published	07/30/2024	Postgastrectomy dumping syndrome and Muscle Spasm Serotonin Antagonist DOC: {{c1::Cyproheptadine}}
Published	07/30/2024	Vasospastic conditions Serotonin Antagonist DOC: {{c1::Ritanserin}}
Published	07/30/2024	Hypertension and Carcinoid syndrome Serotonin Antagonist DOC: {{c1::Ketanserin}}
Published	07/30/2024	Prophylaxis vs nausea and vomiting from surgery and cancer Serotonin Antagonist DOC: {{c1::Ondansetron and Granisetron}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ergot Alkaloids::Autacoid}} - Produced by fungus {{c2::Claviceps purpurea}} and act on several receptors, alpha-adrenergic, dopamine, 5-HT-…
Published	07/30/2024	Forms of Ergot Alkaloids and Representative drugs (2 each){{c1::Amine - Ergonovine, LSDPeptide - Bromocriptine, Ergotamine}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ergot Alkaloid effects on the Nervous system{{c1::Hallucinations↓ Prolactin secretion}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ergot Alkaloid effects on the Smooth Muscle system{{c1::Vasoconstriction (partial agonist to alpha-receptors and 5-HT2)Uterine smooth muscle contracti…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ergonovine::Ergot Alkaloid}} acts on both 5HT2 and adrenergic receptors
Published	07/30/2024	Prolactinoma Ergot Alkaloid DOC: {{c1::Bromocriptine}}
Published	07/30/2024	Hypokinetic Uterine Muscle Ergot Alkaloid DOC: {{c1::Ergonovine}}
Published	07/30/2024	Migraines Ergot Alkaloid DOC: {{c1::Ergotamine}}
Published	07/30/2024	Boring life Ergot Alkaloid DOC: {{c1::LSD JOOOOKE}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ergotamine}} is a Ergot Alkaloid contraindicated in pregnant px with migranes
Published	07/30/2024	Ergot Alkaloid Toxicity: {{c1::Diarrhea and vomiting}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ergonovine and ergotamine::Ergto Alkaloids}} have to me monitored because prolonged use may cause {{c2::gangrene}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Eicosanoids::Autacoid}} - Oxygenated products of Arachidonic acid, polyunsaturated 20-carbon long chain fatty acids.
Published	07/30/2024	Esterified Arachidonic Acid -{{c1::Phospholipase A2}}→ Free Arachidonic Acid
Published	07/30/2024	Cyclooxygenase PathwayArachidonic Acid -{{c1::Cox-1 and Cox-2::enzymes/reactions}}→ {{c2::Prostaglandin H2}} → Prostaglandins and Thromboxanes
Published	07/30/2024	Lipoxygenase PathwayArachidonic Acid -{{c1::5-Lipoxygenase::enzymes/reactions}}→ {{c2::5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HPETE)}} -{{c1::5-Lipoxyg…
Published	07/30/2024	Lipoxygenase PathwayLTA4 -{{c1::LTC4 synthase::enzyme}}→ {{c1::LTC4}} → {{c2::LTD4}} → {{c2::LTE4}} attaches to {{c3::CysLT1}} receptororLTA4 -{{c1::L…
Published	07/30/2024	Steroids MOA: {{c1::Phospholipase inhibition through lipocortins that interefere with PLPA2 activity}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Constitutive Action1. COX - 12. COX - 2{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Inflammatory Effects1. COX - 12. COX - 2{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Source of PGI21. COX - 12. COX - 2{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Acetaminophen/Paracetamol MOA: COX-2 inhibition
Published	07/30/2024	NSAID MOA: {{c1::Irreversible COX-1 and 2 inhibition}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ketone}} NSAIDs have the greatest selectivity to COX-2
Published	07/30/2024	Sulfonic Acid Derivatives MOA: {{c1::Selective COX-2 Inhibition}}
Published	07/30/2024	Sulfonic Acid Derivatives use the suffix {{c1::-xib}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Compare Cox-2 Selectivity of Sulfonic Acid Derivatives1. Celecoxib2. Rofecoxib3. Lumiracoxib4. Etericoxib{{c1::4 > 2 = 3 > 1}}
Published	07/30/2024	Zileuton MOA: {{c1::5-lipoxygenase inhibitor (Leukotriene Pathway Inhibitors)}}
Published	07/30/2024	"Lukast" MOA: {{c1::LTD4-Receptor Antagonist (Leukotriene Pathway Inhibitors)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Leukotriene Pathway Inhibitors are indicated against {{c1::asthma::disease}}
Published	07/30/2024	Representative Prostanoid Receptor Agonists:{{c1::[MADEL]MisoprostolAlprostadilDinoprostoneEpoprostenolLatanoprost}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Misoprostol::prostanoid receptor agonist}} attaches to {{c2::PGE1}} and is indicated for Peptic Ulcers
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Alprostadil::prostanoid receptor agonist}} attaches to {{c2::PGE1}} and is indicated for maintain patency of ductus arteriosus and erectile…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Dinoprostone::prostanoid receptor agonist}} attaches to {{c2::PGE2 & PGF2A}} and is indicated to induce labor for missed abortions and hytad…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Epoprostenol::prostanoid receptor agonist}} attaches to {{c2::PGI2}} and is indicated for pulmonary & portopulmonary HPN
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Latanoprost::prostanoid receptor agonist}} attaches to {{c2::PGF2a}} and is indicated for open angle glaucoma
Published	07/30/2024	Neuropeptides are vaso{{c1::constric::constric/dila}}tors
Published	07/30/2024	review. {{c1::Try to memorize this already}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Presence in vascular tissues1. AT12. AT2{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Affinity for Losartan1. AT12. AT2{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	AT1 Pathway - {{c1::Gq}}AT2 Pathway - {{c1::Bradyknin-NO-cGmp}}
Published	07/30/2024	Renin Inhibitor Representative Drugs: {{c1::Propanolol and Aliskiren::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	ACE Inhibitors (ACEIs) use the suffix {{c1::-pril}}
Published	07/30/2024	ACE Inhibitor Adverse Effect: {{c1::Dry Cough}}
Published	07/30/2024	Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBS) use the suffix {{c1::-sartan}}
Published	07/30/2024	Aside from hypertension, ACEIs and ARBs also slow down {{c1::diabetic nephropathy}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Activates AT1 > AT21. ACEI2. ARB{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Angiotensin levels1. ACEI2. ARB{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Dry cough1. ACEI2. ARB{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Vassopressin PD V1aV1bV2Actions{{c1::Vasoconstriction}}{{c1::ACTH release}}{{c1::Antidiuretic Action}}Mechanism{{c2::Gq}}{{…
Published	07/30/2024	Endothelin Effects{{c1::↑ BP}}
Published	07/30/2024	Neuropeptide Y/ Pancreatic Polypeptide Y/ Peptide Y Effects{{c1::Promotes appetite suppressionInhibit gastric emptyingIncrease energy expenditure}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urotensin Effects{{c1::↓ HR, Contractility↓ Glucose-induced Insulin Release}}
Published	07/30/2024	2 Representative Kinins: {{c1::Bradykinins and Kallidin}}
Published	07/30/2024	Bradykinin is derived from {{c1::plasma::plasma/tissue}}
Published	07/30/2024	Kallidin is derived from {{c1::tissue::plasma/tissue}}
Published	07/30/2024	Kallidin is derived from {{c1::Low::Low/High}} molecular weight kininogen
Published	07/30/2024	Bradykinin is derived from {{c1::High::Low/High}} molecular weight kininogen
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Bradykinin::kinin}} is responsible for the cardinal signs of inflammation (rubor, calor, dolor, tumor)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Bradykinin and BT2::kinin and receptor}} is responsible for the cardinal signs of inflammation (rubor, calor, dolor, tumor)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hereditary angioedema}} is due to {{c2::C1 esterase::enzyme}} deficiency, which is the enzyme responsible for bradykinin degradation. DOC is {{c…
Published	07/30/2024	Natriuretic Peptide Inhibitors use the suffix {{c1::-trilat}} and are indicated for HPN
Published	07/30/2024	I don't like the facts here. {{c1::Uglee}}. Study this section
Published	07/30/2024	H1 receptor blockers also block {{c1::Muscarinic, Adrengergic, and Serotonergic}} Receptors
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