Notes in Chapter_23:_Parathyroid

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Published	07/07/2024	The {{c2::superior}} parathyroids come from the {{c1::4th}} pharyngeal {{c4::pouch}} and are associated with the {{c3::thyroid complex}}
Published	07/07/2024	The {{c2::inferior}} parathyroids come from the {{c1::3rd}} pharyngeal {{c4::pouch}} and are associated with the {{c3::thymus}}
Published	07/07/2024	The superior parathyroids are located {{c1::lateral}} to the recurrent laryngeal nerves(medial or lateral)
Published	07/07/2024	The inferior parathyroids are located {{c1::medial}} to the recurrent laryngeal nerves(medial or lateral)
Published	07/07/2024	Ectopic glands and variable location are more commonly seen in the {{c1::inferior}} parathyroids
Published	07/07/2024	The most common ectopic site for the inferior parathyroids is the {{c1::tail of the thymus}}
Published	07/07/2024	Both the superior and inferior parathyroid glands receive their blood supply from the {{c1::inferior thyroid}} artery
Published	07/07/2024	Vitamin D increases intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption by increasing {{c1::calbindin}}
Published	07/07/2024	The normal range for parathyroid hormone (PTH) level is {{c1::10}}-{{c1::60}} pg/mL
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of hypoparathyroidism is {{c1::previous thyroid surgery}}
Published	07/07/2024	Primary hyperparathyroidism is more common in {{c1::women::gender}}
Published	07/07/2024	Primary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by a Cl- to PO4- ratio greater than {{c1::33}}
Published	07/07/2024	Primary hyperparathyroidism will have increased cAMP and {{c1::HCO3-}} secreted in the urine
Published	07/07/2024	Specifically, what acid-base abnormality can be caused by primary hyperparathyroidism?{{c1::Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis}}
Published	07/07/2024	Primary hyperparathyroidism can cause bone lesions from excess calcium resorption, which is called {{c1::osteitis fibrosa cystica}}
Published	07/07/2024	Are most patients with primary hyperparathyroidism symptomatic?{{c1::No}}
Published	07/07/2024	Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism is treated with surgery if the calcium is greater than {{c1::13}}
Published	07/07/2024	Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism is treated with surgery if there is decreased {{c1::creatinine}} clearance
Published	07/07/2024	Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism is treated with surgery if {{c1::kidney stones}} are present
Published	07/07/2024	Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism is treated with surgery if bone density T-score is less than {{c1::-2.5}}
Published	07/07/2024	Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism is treated with surgery if age is less than {{c1::50}}
Published	07/07/2024	Primary hyperparathyroidism is a result of a single adenoma in {{c1::80}}% of patients
Published	07/07/2024	Primary hyperparathyroidism is a result of multiple adenomas in {{c1::4}}% of patients
Published	07/07/2024	Primary hyperparathyroidism is a result of diffuse hyperplasia in {{c1::15}}% of patients
Published	07/07/2024	Patients with MEN 1 or 2a with primary hyperparathyroidism typically have {{c1::4}}-gland hyperplasia
Published	07/07/2024	Parathyroid adenocarcinoma is very rare and can cause very high {{c1::calcium}} levels
Published	07/07/2024	The surgical treatment for a parathyroid adenoma is {{c1::resection}}
Published	07/07/2024	The surgical treatment for diffuse parathyroid hyperplasia is resection of {{c1::3.5 glands}} or total parathyroidectomy with {{c2::autoimplantation}}
Published	07/07/2024	Parathyroid adenocarcinoma is treated with {{c2::radical parathyroidectomy}}, which involves removing the {{c1::ipsilateral thyroid lobe}}
Published	07/07/2024	Pregnant patients with primary hyperparathyroidism are treated with surgical resection during the {{c1::2nd}} trimester
Published	07/07/2024	The specimen in surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism is sent for {{c1::frozen}} section
Published	07/07/2024	Confirmation of removal of a parathyroid adenoma is done by measuring intraop {{c1::PTH}} levels
Published	07/07/2024	Intraop PTH levels should go to less than {{c1::1/2}} of the preoperative value in 10 minutes if the correct parathyroid was removed
Published	07/07/2024	If the PTH is still high and a missing gland cannot be located, a {{c1::sestamibi scan}} can be used to localize
Published	07/07/2024	At reoperation, the most common location for a missing parathyroid gland is the {{c1::normal anatomic position}}
Published	07/07/2024	Hypocalcemia after surgery for primary hyperthyroidism can be due to either {{c2::bone hunger}} or {{c1::aparathyroidism}}
Published	07/07/2024	Bone hunger following surgery for primary hypoparathyroidism is characterized by {{c1::normal}} PTH levels
Published	07/07/2024	Bone hunger following surgery for primary hypoparathyroidism is characterized by {{c1::decreased}} HCO3- levels
Published	07/07/2024	Bone hunger following surgery for primary hypoparathyroidism is characterized by {{c1::increased}} urine cAMP levels
Published	07/07/2024	Aparathyroidism following surgery for primary hypoparathyroidism is characterized by {{c1::normal}} urine cAMP levels
Published	07/07/2024	Aparathyroidism following surgery for primary hypoparathyroidism is characterized by {{c1::normal}} HCO3- levels
Published	07/07/2024	Aparathyroidism following surgery for primary hypoparathyroidism is characterized by {{c1::decreased}} PTH levels
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of persistent hyperparathyroidism after surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism is {{c1::a missed adenoma}}
Published	07/07/2024	Recurrent hyperparathyroidism after surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism is suspicious for {{c1::parathyroid carcinoma}}
Published	07/07/2024	Reoperation for primary hyperparathyroidism is associated with an increased risk of {{c1::recurrent laryngeal}} nerve injury and permanent&n…
Published	07/07/2024	A sestamibi scan is best for trying to discover {{c1::ectopic}} parathyroid glands
Published	07/07/2024	Secondary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by {{c1::low}} levels of calcium
Published	07/07/2024	A drug that mimics calcium and inhibits PTH release by activating the calcium-sensing receptor is {{c1::cinacalcet}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common indication for surgery for secondary hyperparathyroidism is {{c1::bone pain}}
Published	07/07/2024	Secondary hyperparathyroidism that persists after renal transplantation is known as {{c1::tertiary}} hyperparathyroidism
Published	07/07/2024	The surgical treatment for tertiary hyperparathyroidism is {{c1::subtotal}} parathyroidectomy
Published	07/07/2024	An inactivating mutation in the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) gene causes {{c1::familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH)}}
Published	07/07/2024	Is familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia treated with surgery?{{c1::No}}
Published	07/07/2024	A defect in the PTH receptor in the kidney causes {{c1::pseudohypoparathyroidism::disease}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common location for metastases for parathyroid cancer is the {{c1::lung}}
Published	07/07/2024	The 5-year survival rate for parathyroid cancer is {{c1::50}}%
Published	07/07/2024	The mortality from parathyroid cancer is due to the {{c1::hypercalcemia}}
Published	07/07/2024	Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes have an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern with {{c1::100}}% penetrance
Published	07/07/2024	Parathyroid hyperplasia, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pituitary adenomas are seen in MEN {{c1::1}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common pancreatic islet cell tumor in MEN 1 is a(n) {{c1::gastrinoma}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common pituitary adenoma in MEN I is a(n) {{c1::prolactinoma}}
Published	07/07/2024	If a patient with MEN 1 is found to have multiple tumors, the {{c1::hyperparathyroidism}} is corrected first
Published	07/07/2024	Parathyroid hyperplasia, medullary thyroid cancer, and pheochromocytoma are seen in MEN {{c1::2a}}
Published	07/07/2024	The main cause of death in patients with MEN 2a and 2b is {{c1::medullary thyroid cancer}}
Published	07/07/2024	Pheochromocytomas in MEN 2a and 2b are typically {{c2::bi}}-lateral and {{c1::benign::benign or malignant}}
Published	07/07/2024	If a patient with MEN 2a or 2b is found to have multiple tumors, the {{c1::pheochromocytoma}} is corrected first
Published	07/07/2024	Medullary thyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma, and mucosal neuromas are seen in MEN {{c1::2b}}
Published	07/07/2024	A Marfan's habitus can be seen in patients with MEN {{c1::2b}}
Published	07/07/2024	MEN 1 has a defect in the {{c1::MENIN}} gene
Published	07/07/2024	MEN 2a and 2b have defects in the {{c1::RET}} gene
Published	07/07/2024	MEN 2a is {{c1::more}} common than MEN 2b(more or less)
Published	07/07/2024	An inherited disorder that presents with only medullary thyroid cancer is known as {{c1::familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC)}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of hypercalcemia is {{c1::hyperparathyroidism}}
Published	07/07/2024	Hypercalcemia due to malignancy is {{c1::more}} likely to be from PTHrP than lytic bone lesions(more or less)
Published	07/07/2024	An antineoplastic antibiotic drug that inhibits osteoclasts and can (rarely) be used to treat hypercalcemia is {{c1::mithramycin}}
Published	07/07/2024	Hypercalcemic crisis is treated with fluids ({{c2::normal saline}}) and {{c1::furosemide::drug}}
Published	07/07/2024	Approximately two-thirds of primary breast cancers produce {{c1::PTHrP}}, which can cause hypercalcemia
Published	07/07/2024	Hypercalcemia from malignancy due to PTHrP production will present with a {{c1::high}} urinary cAMP level(low or high)
Published	07/07/2024	Hypercalcemia from hematologic malignancies will present with a {{c1::low}} urinary cAMP level(low or high)
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Parathyroid adenocarcinoma::acquired}} and {{c3::secondary hyperparathyroidism::acquired}} are treated with {{c1::cinacalcet}}
Published	07/07/2024	MEN {{c1::1}} is more likely to have parathyroid {{c2::adenomas}}
Published	07/07/2024	MEN {{c2::2A}} is more likely to have parathyroid {{c1::hyperplasia}}
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