Notes in AnKing::Year 5

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Published	05/13/2023	Australasia Triage Scale (ATS) Triage CategoryDescription Maximum Clinically Appropriate Triage Time  1…
Published	05/13/2023	ATS CategoryResponseDescription of categoryClinical descriptors Category 1{{c1::Immediate}}Immediately life threateni…
Published	05/13/2023	A 22-year-old male with right lower quadrant abdominal pain early this morning + nausea, no appetite. Patient is vitally stable. Which ATS Categor…
Published	05/13/2023	Healthy 52-year-old male ran out of blood pressure medication yesterday; BP 150/9. Which ATS Category?{{c1::ATS 5/ WHITE / NOT EMERGENCY= CLINIC}}…
Published	05/13/2023	A 45-year-old obese female with left lower leg pain and swelling, started 2 days ago after driving in a car for 12 hours. Which ATS Category?{{c1:…
Published	05/13/2023	55 years old male with severe chest pain, BP 110/70, pulse 85bpm regular, ECG normal, saturation 95% P/H: DM type 2 you notice the patient is swea…
Published	05/13/2023	{{c1::Doping}} refers to the use of artificial means or substances to enhance the competitor's performance
Published	05/13/2023	List of banned substances prohibited at all times1. {{c1::Anabolic steroids}} aka {{c2::testosterone}}2. {{c2::Peptide hormone}} aka {{c2::sports desi…
Published	05/13/2023	List of banned doping methods1. {{c1::Blood doping}}2. {{c2::Chemical or physical manipulation}}3. {{c3::Gene doping (most difficult to detect)}}
Published	05/13/2023	List of banned substances prohibited in competitions only1. {{c1::Stimulants}}2. {{c2::Narcotics}}3. {{c3::Cannabinoids}}4. {{c4::Corticosteroids}}
Published	05/13/2023	{{c1::Stimulants}} (amphetamines, cocaine, ephedrine and coffee) increase {{c1::alertness}} and physical ability, plus reduce {{c2::muscle fatigue}} a…
Published	05/13/2023	Abuse of amphetamines (stimulants) can cause {{c1::arrhythmia::dangerous side effect}}
Published	05/13/2023	What is the only banned substance that does not have a significant performance enhancing potentials?{{c1::Narcotics}}
Published	05/13/2023	{{c2::Anabolic steroids}} when taken by adolescents cause {{c1::stunt growth}}
Published	05/16/2023	Anabolic refers to {{c1::muscle building}} and androgenic refers to increased {{c1::masuline characteristics}}
Published	05/13/2023	Anabolic steroids improve performance by increasing {{c1::muscle size}} strength and improve {{c1::recovery}}
Published	05/13/2023	Diruetics are used in sports illegaly to achieve rapid {{c1::weight loss}} and mask presence of {{c1::prohibited drugs in urine}}
Published	05/13/2023	{{c2::Severe dehydration hypotension}} and {{c3::potassium}} deficiency can occur as a side effect of {{c1::diruteics}}
Published	05/13/2023	Peptide hormones are also called {{c1::sports designer}} drugs
Published	05/13/2023	Peptide hormone aka human growth hormone is used to restore {{c1::muscle}} strength, improve {{c1::cardiac}} performance and increase {{c1::red cell}}…
Published	05/13/2023	What is the only doping agent that is not banned in competitons?{{c1::Soda doping (sodium bicarbonate)}}
Published	05/13/2023	Which doping agent can be used to prolong the half life of prohibited substances?{{c1::Soda doping}}
Published	05/14/2023	Blood doping is used for prolonging the {{c1::endurace}} by increasing the total aerobic reserve through increasing {{c1::transport of oxygen}} to mus…
Published	05/14/2023	Blood doping causes {{c1::hypertension}} and {{c1::thrombotic}} complications
Published	05/14/2023	Gene doping requires an {{c1::athlete biological passport}} as it is difficult to detect
Published	05/14/2023	Detection of doping agents require two urine samples where the urine {{c1::sample B}} is used as a confirmatory test when {{c1::sample A}} is positive
Published	05/14/2023	{{c1::Mass spectrometery}} is used for the confirmation of the use of doping agents
Published	05/14/2023	Blood testing is used to detect {{c1::growth hormone, alcohol and blood doping::GAP}}
Published	05/14/2023	Abuse of human growth hormone as a doping agent is detected in {{c1::blood::urine/blood}}
Published	05/14/2023	WADA standard for TUE; therapeutic use exemption1. {{c1::a clear diagnosed medical condition which requires treatment using a prohibited substance}}2.…
Published	05/14/2023	Cardiac arrest with VF or pVT often has a {{c1::Cardiac}} origin.
Published	05/14/2023	The most common electrolyte disturbance leading to cardiac arrest is {{c1::Hyperkalemia}}.
Published	05/14/2023	CPR compression rate should be {{c1::100-120}} per minute with a depth of {{c2::5-6}}cm in an adult.
Published	05/14/2023	What oxygen concentration should be given to cardiac arrest patients?{{c1::Highest feasible % available}}
Published	05/14/2023	What is the surgical airway of choice in cardiac arrest patients?{{c1::Cricothyroidotomy}}
Published	05/14/2023	The optimal infusion fluid in cardiac arrest is {{c1::Normal saline}}.
Published	05/14/2023	Most common reversible causes of Cardiac Arrest can be remembered with {{c1::4H's}} and {{c1::4T's}}.{{c1::Hypervolemia/HemorrhageHypoxiaHyp…
Published	05/14/2023	Preferred vascular access in emergency is {{c1::Peripheral IV line}} or {{c2::Interosseus line}} if unable to establish..
Published	05/14/2023	What is the treatment of Hyperkalemia in cardiac arrest?{{c1::CaCl, NaHCO3,Insuline and Glucose}}
Published	05/14/2023	Urine testing usually detect 7 illegal substances{{c1::Amphetamine}}{{c2::Opoids}}{{c3::Tetrahydrocannabinol}}{{c4::Benzodiazepines}}{{c5::Barbiturate…
Published	05/14/2023	A {{c1::designer}} drug is a structural or functional {{c1::analog}} of a controlled substance that has been designed to mimic the {{c2::pharmacologic…
Published	05/14/2023	Synthetic {{c1::cannabinoids}} represent the largest and most structurally diverse class of designer drugs
Published	05/14/2023	Synthetic CannabisTraditional Cannabis {{c1::Great potency and efficacy}}{{c1::Lesser potency and efficacy}}{{c2::Lon…
Published	05/14/2023	Strox is a synthetic cannabinoid with some other chemcials such as {{c1::atropine}}
Published	05/14/2023	Synthetic cannabinoid can cause {{c1::coagulopathy::blood related}}
Published	05/16/2023	AmphetamineMethamphetamine {{c1::Less potent}}{{c1::More potent}}{{c2::Lesser side effects}}{{c2::Last longer and add…
Published	05/14/2023	{{c1::Ecstasy (MDMA)}} is a synthetic amphetamine with stimulants and hallucinogen properties
Published	05/14/2023	{{c2::Vodoo}} is a synthetic cannabinoid with other substances such as {{c1::amphetamine}} or {{c1::tramadol}}
Published	05/14/2023	Shabu is a methamphetamine that causes {{c1::hallucinations}} and {{c1::irritability}}
Published	05/14/2023	Synthetic {{c1::cathinones}} are chemicals derived from {{c2::khat}} plant and increases the synaptic concentration of {{c1::norepinephrine}}, {{c2::d…
Published	05/14/2023	Flakka is a very potent synthetic cathinone contains {{c1::alpha-PVP}} chemical
Published	05/14/2023	{{c2::alpha-PVP (Flakka)}} causes {{c1::agitated delirium}} and excessive {{c1::sympathetic}} activation
Published	05/14/2023	{{c1::Psychedelics}} are a class of psychoactive substances that produce changes in perception, mood and cognitive processes
Published	05/14/2023	The main effect of {{c2::DMT}} is psychological, with intense {{c1::visual}} and {{c1::auditory}} hallucinations, euphoria, and an altered sense of sp…
Published	05/14/2023	The most dangerous complication of the psychedelic DMT is {{c1::cardiac arrest}}
Published	05/14/2023	{{c2::Krokodil}} is a synthetic morphine derivative containing the chemical {{c1::desmorphine}}
Published	05/14/2023	When injected, {{c2::krokodil}} causes characteristic severe {{c1::skin}} lesions leading to {{c1::amputation}}
Published	05/16/2023	Commonest injuries in thoracic trauma are {{c1::chest wall}} trauma.
Published	05/17/2023	What are the 6 life threatening causes in thoracic trauma?{{c1::Flail chest}}{{c1::Airway obstruction/disruption}}{{c1::Cardiac Tamponade}}{{c1::Tensi…
Published	05/16/2023	What is the most common location for injury of the tracheobronchial tree?{{c1::1 inch of the carina}}
Published	05/16/2023	Incomplete expansion of the lung and continued large air leak after placement of a chest tube suggest a {{c1::tracheo bronchial injury}}
Published	05/17/2023	{{c1::Operative Invervention::Treatment}} is indicated in a tracheobronchial injury
Published	05/17/2023	{{c1::Tension Pneumothorax}} is the most life-threatening complication in thoracic trauma
Published	05/17/2023	What imaging/lab is used to diagnose tension pneumothorax?{{c1::None; diagnosed Clinically}}
Published	05/17/2023	What is the definitive treatment of Tension Pneumothorax?{{c1::Chest Tube thoracostomy}}
Published	05/17/2023	Open Pneumothorax occurs when {{c1::the chest wound opening is 2/3 the diameter of the trachea or greater}}
Published	05/16/2023	Hypovolemia shock + dullness to percussion on one side of the chest = {{c1::Massive Hemothorax::Likely diagnosis}}
Published	05/17/2023	What is the indication for an urgent thoracostomy in Massive Hemothorax?{{c1::More than 1.5L drained directly}} or {{c1::Continuous output of 200…
Published	05/16/2023	{{c1::Salicylate}} intoxication stimulates the {{c2::respiratory centre}} increasing the {{c2::respiratory rate}} and causing respiratory alkalosis
Published	05/16/2023	Flail chest can also occur in {{c1::costochondral seperation of a single rib from the thorax::}}
Published	05/16/2023	{{c1::Salicylate}} intoxication causes uncoupling of {{c2::oxidative phosphorylation}} leading to O2 consumption
Published	05/16/2023	Treatment of {{c1::salicylate}} intoxication involves using {{c2::sodium bicarbonate}} as it increases ionization of {{c1::salicylates}} in urine
Published	05/16/2023	What is the diagnostic modality of choice for Aortic Disruption?{{c1::Aortography}}
Published	05/16/2023	{{c1::Theophylline::not salicylate}} causes respiratory alkalosis followed by metabolic acidosis
Published	05/16/2023	Diagnosis?{{c1::Aortic Disruption (Rupture)}}
Published	05/16/2023	How iron toxicity causes metabolic acidosis?{{c1::Loss of a hydrogen ion when ferritin is transferred to ferric acid}}{{c1::Hepatotoxic leading to acc…
Published	05/16/2023	Iron poisoning may cause severe metabolic acidosis within 6 hours post ingestion.{{c1::True::True or False}}
Published	05/16/2023	What is the likely diagnosis of a patients that presents with severe pain that is out of proportion of the apparent injury, pneumomediastinum and left…
Published	05/17/2023	How to confirm and treat blunt esophageal rupture?Confirmation: {{c1::Contrast studies/esophagoscopy}}Treatment: {{c1::Drainage and repair}}
Published	05/16/2023	In the early stage of {{c1::methanol}} poisoning, the toxic effects are due to the increasing metabolic acidosis caused by the production of {{c2::for…
Published	05/16/2023	Which of the following drugs does not cause primary metabolic acidosis?ParacetamolSalicylateIronMethanol{{c1::Salicylate}}
Published	05/16/2023	{{c1::Carbon monoxide}} shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left
Published	05/17/2023	{{c2::Achlorhydria}} patients do not get affected by the intoxication of {{c1::cyanide}}
Published	05/17/2023	In persons with {{c2::glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase}} deficiency, certain drugs such as {{c1::primaquine}} or {{c1::sulphonamides}} can cause hemo…
Published	05/18/2023	Poisonus in the {{c1::gaseous::Liquid/Gas/Solid}} form are the most rapidly absorbed and fatally acting
Published	05/17/2023	Glasgow Coma ScaleMild dysfunction {{c1::13-15}}Moderate dysfunction {{c1::9-12}}Severe dysfunction {{c1::below 8}}
Published	05/17/2023	The 3 causes of pinpoint pupil is{{c1::OpoidsPhenothiazinescholinesterase inhibitors}}
Published	05/18/2023	Contraindications of emesis (Triple C){{c1::ComaConvulsionsCorrosives}}
Published	05/18/2023	Contraindications of activated charcoal{{c1::Corrosivesno bowel soundsintestinal obstruction}}
Published	05/18/2023	Poisons that are poorly adsorbed by activated charcoal{{c1::AlcoholCynaideHeavy metalsCorrosives}}
Published	05/18/2023	{{c1::Polyethylene glycol}} is used in whole bowel irrigation
Published	05/18/2023	{{c1::Sorbitol}} is the fastest and safest cathartic used
Published	05/19/2023	Multiple dose activated charcoal can be used in poisons with {{c1::enterohepatic}} recirculation such as {{c2::TCA's}}
Published	05/19/2023	Contraindications of {{c1::alkaline}} diuresis includes {{c2::shock}}, {{c2::cardiovascular}} decompensation and impaired renal function
Published	05/19/2023	Fluid overload is a complication of {{c1::alkaline diruesis::method of elemination}}
Published	05/19/2023	{{c1::Hemodialysis, hemoperfusion::method of elemination}} is effective in poisons such as theophyline, methanol, barbiturates
Published	05/20/2023	{{c1::Kerosene}} is one of the aliphatic hydrocarbons resulting from the distilliaton of petroleum oil
Published	05/20/2023	{{c1::Kerosene::a volatile gas}} is used in shampoos that is used to treat lice
Published	05/20/2023	What is the primary site affected by kerosene toxicity?{{c1::Lungs}}
Published	05/20/2023	The low viscosity of {{c1::kerosene::volatile gas}} allow it to penetrate deep to the tracheobronchial tree while the low surface tension facilitates …
Published	05/20/2023	The initial affection of {{c1::kerosene::volatile gas}} is destruction of the surfactant area of the alveoli
Published	05/20/2023	What can be seen in a chest X-ray of a patient with kerosene toxicity?{{c1::bibasilar infiltrates, atelectasisgastric fluid level::2}}
Published	05/20/2023	Supportive treatment of kerosene toxicity involves usage of {{c1::oxygen; bronchodilators}}
Published	05/20/2023	What is the type of decontamination used in kerosene toxicity?{{c1::NONE}}
Published	05/20/2023	When is antibiotics indicated for kerosene toxicity?{{c1::Recurrence of fever after the first 48 hrs}}{{c3::Increasing infiltrate in chest X-ray}}{{c2…
Published	05/20/2023	Characters of venomous snakes{{c1::Triangular head::head}}{{c1::Vertically elliptical pupil::eye}}{{c1::Easily identified fangs::mouth}}
Published	05/20/2023	Components of snake venoms (6 C's){{c1::CoagulantsCytolysins (antibactericidin)Cardiac neurotoxin A and myonerual neurotoxin BCholinesterase and antic…
Published	05/20/2023	What are the causes of death of the snake venom?{{c1::Cardiorespiratory CollapseRenal Failure}}
Published	05/20/2023	{{c1::Incision and suction}} at the site of venom removes less than 20% of the poison
Published	05/21/2023	Antivenin kit should be administered within {{c1::4}} hours of the snake bite as an IV drip
Published	05/20/2023	Absence of a swelling when bitten by a snake indicaties a {{c1::dry}} bite in which {{c1::no venom is delivered::venom delievered/not delivered}}
Published	07/16/2023	What are the 4 items for the comment of the anterior fontanelle?{{c1::SizeShapeCharacter (depressed, bulged)Pulsation}}
Published	07/16/2023	What are the causes of early closure of the anterior fontanelle of the infant?{{c1::MicrocephalyCraniosynostosis}}
Published	07/16/2023	{{c1::Craniosynostosis}} is a birth defect in which the bones in a baby’s skull join together too early
Published	07/16/2023	{{c1::Microcephaly}} is a birth defect where a baby’s head is smaller than expected when compared to babies of the {{c2::same sex and age}}
Published	07/16/2023	What causes delayed closure of the anterior fontanelle of the infants?{{c1::RicketsDown syndromeHydrocephalus::3}}
Published	07/16/2023	What causes bulging of the anterior fontanelle of the infants?{{c1::Crying or strainingHydrocephalusSpace occupying lesions*}}
Published	07/16/2023	What causes depressed anterior fontanelle of the infants?{{c1::Dehydration, malnutrition}}
Published	07/16/2023	When does the posterior fontanelle of the infant closes?{{c1::at birth till 1 month}}
Published	07/16/2023	The median age of closure of the anterior fontanelle is around {{c1::13 months}}
Published	07/16/2023	The mean size of the anterior fontanelle at birth is {{c1::2.1 cm}}
Published	07/16/2023	Anterior fontanelle is located at the junction of the two {{c1::parietal}} and two {{c1::frontal}} bones
Published	07/16/2023	At birth, normal head circumference (HC) is {{c1::35 cm}}
Published	07/16/2023	After birth, Head Circumference increases by {{c1::2 cm}} in the 1st {{c2::3 months,}} then {{c1::0.5 cm}} afterwards reaching an average of 45 c…
Published	07/16/2023	{{c2::Microcephaly (very small head)}}: is a head circumference {{c1::3}} Standard deviations below the mean for age and sex
Published	07/16/2023	The head circumference of the 5 year child is {{c1::50 cm}}
Published	07/16/2023	Mention 2 genetic causes of microcephaly{{c1::Syndromes (21, 18)Autosomal recessive}}
Published	07/16/2023	Mention 2 non-genetic causes of microcephaly{{c1::Congenital infectionsFAS (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome) Phenylketonuria}}
Published	07/16/2023	Small head is a head circumference {{c1::2}} Standard deviations below the mean for age and sex
Published	07/16/2023	Causes of small head:{{c1::Familial (present from birth and development is usually normal) MicrocephalyCraniosynostosis::3}}
Published	07/16/2023	{{c2::Macrocephaly}} is a head circumference {{c1::2}} Standard deviations above the mean for age and sex.
Published	07/16/2023	Causes of large head{{c1::Benign familial macrocephalyHydrocephalusBrain tumour::3}}
Published	07/17/2023	{{c1::Meningismus}} is the presence of meningeal irritation without meningites
Published	07/17/2023	{{c1::Kernig's::meningeal sign}} sign is unreliable below 3 years of age
Published	07/17/2023	Give 2 examples of intrancranial causes of meningeal irritation{{c1::ICPMeningitis}}
Published	07/17/2023	Give 2 examples of extracranial causes of meningeal irritation{{c1::SinusitiesMastoditis}}
Published	07/17/2023	When is the kernig's sign postive?{{c1::The sign is positive if hamstring spasm results in pain in the posterior thigh and difficulty with knee e…
Published	07/17/2023	What is the function of fontanelles of newborn?{{c1::To enable skull to be more flexible during birthAllow for rapid stretching as the brain grows}}
New Card	07/19/2023	How to assess the head lag?{{c1::Bring the child from the supine to the sitting position (pull to sit) by grasping the hands, and watch for the head p…
New Card	07/19/2023	Normally, during horizontal suspension, the infant {{c1::extends}} the back and {{c1::flexes}} the arms and knees, while lifting and rotating the…
New Card	07/19/2023	Diagnosis?{{c1::Frog like posture indication hypotonia}}
New Card	07/19/2023	Motor system examination includes{{c1::Muscle bulk}}{{c2::Involuntary movements}}{{c3::Muscle tone}}{{c4::Gait}}{{c5::Muscle power}}{{c6::Coordination…
New Card	07/19/2023	Wasting of muscle during motor system examination indicates {{c1::Lower motor neuron lesion or late stages of upper motor neuron lesion}}
New Card	07/19/2023	Calf muscle pseudo-hypertrophy during motor system examination indicates {{c1::duchene muscle dystrophy}}
New Card	07/19/2023	Medical Research Council (MRC) power muscle scale 5 - {{c1::normal (active against full resistance)}}4 - {{c2::weak but active movements aga…
New Card	07/19/2023	Wide based gait is seen in{{c1::Cerebellar diseaseMiddle ear disease}}
New Card	07/19/2023	How to assess the coordination of th upper limb?{{c1::Finger to noseFinger to thumbRepititve alternating movement test}}
New Card	07/19/2023	What can be observed in coordination tests?{{c1::Dysmetria, intention tremors, decomposition of movements}}
New Card	07/19/2023	What is assessed in the lower limb?{{c1::WalkingHeel to shin testRomberg test}}
New Card	07/19/2023	Child’s weight at 7–12 years = {{c1::(7 × age in years – 5)/2}}
New Card	07/19/2023	the height in cm of children from 2 – 12 years old = {{c1::(Age in years X 6)+ 77 cm }}
New Card	07/19/2023	MUAC is a useful screening tool to detect malnutrition, where a measure of {{c1::<11.5 cm}} indicates severe malnutrition
New Card	07/19/2023	Acute glomerulonephritis can lead to {{c1::hypertensive encephalopathy}}, {{c2::circulatory overload}} leading to cardiac decompensation and {{c3::acu…
New Card	07/19/2023	In the age of 5-15 years, the child is considered hypertensive if his B.P {{c1::>140/90}}
New Card	07/20/2023	In the clinical examination of purpurae, what can differentiate leukemia from aplastic anemia and ITP?{{c1::Hepatospleenomegaly}}
New Card	07/20/2023	How can you differentiate purprae from an insect bite?{{c1::insect bite fades on pressure}}
New Card	07/20/2023	How can you differentiate purprae from echymosis?{{c1::purprae is intradermal while echymosis is deeper}}
New Card	07/20/2023	{{c1::Anti Rho (D) immunogloblin}} form complex with RBCs and occupy macrophages whick keeps it busy away from platelets in ITP
New Card	07/20/2023	What can occur as a complication from using Anti (Rho D) in the treatment of immune thrombocytopenic purprae?{{c1::hemolysis and anemia}}
New Card	07/20/2023	Immune thrombocytopenic purprae{{c1::3 months}} - acute{{c1::3 to 12 months}} - subacute{{c1::>12 months}} - Chronic
New Card	07/20/2023	Bleeding from {{c1::mucous membranes}} in ITP has special importance as it may indicate increased susceptibility to intracranial hemorrhage
New Card	07/20/2023	Cytotoxic drugs {{c1::(Cyclophosphamide or chloramphenicol)}} may cause aplastic anemia
New Card	07/20/2023	Blood pressure is {{c1::high::high/low}} in nehpritis in HSP
New Card	07/21/2023	What is the likely diagnosis in a thalassemic patient presenting with tetany and carpopedal spasm?{{c1::hypoparathyrodism secondary to hemosiderosis}}
New Card	07/21/2023	What are the possible causes of growth retardation in thalassemic patients?{{c1::chronic anemia and endocrinal disturbances}}
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