Notes in 02 Tissue Types, Cell Signaling, and Pharmacokinetics Lecture

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	08/30/2024	G{{c1::q::s, q OR i}} pathway:IP3 and DAG concentrations {{c2::increase::increase OR decrease}}IP3 {{c2::increases::increases OR decreases}} Ca2+…
Published	08/31/2023	The {{c5::extracellular}} space has:{{c1::High}} Na+{{c2::Low}} K+{{c3::High}} Cl-{{c4::High}} Ca2+relative to the other side of the cell membrane
Published	08/31/2023	The sodium-potassium pump moves {{c1::3}} Na+ {{c1::out of}} the cell and {{c1::2}} K+ {{c1::into}} the cell
Published	08/30/2024	The 4 ions that determine membrane potential are {{c1::Na+}}, {{c1::K+}}, {{c1::Cl-}}, and {{c1::Ca2+}}. Of these, {{c1::K+}} is the most importa…
Published	08/31/2023	The equilibrium potential of sodium is {{c1::+65}} mV
Published	08/31/2023	The equilibrium potential of calcium is {{c1::+120}} mV
Published	08/31/2023	The equilibrium potential of potassium is {{c1::-85}} mV
Published	08/31/2023	The equilibrium potential of chloride is {{c1::-90}} mV
Published	08/30/2024	{{c2::Insulin}} is the hormone that signals {{c1:: the fed state}}
Published	08/31/2023	{{c2::Glucagon}} is the hormone that signals {{c1::the fasted state}}
Published	08/30/2024	{{c2::Cortisol}} is the hormone released in response to {{c1::stress (both acute and chronic)}}.
Published	08/30/2024	{{c2::Epinephrine}} is the hormone that signals {{c1::fight-or-flight::physiological response}}.
Published	08/31/2023	{{c2::ADH}} is the hormone that signals {{c1::high osmolarity}}
Published	08/30/2024	{{c2::ANP/BNP}} is the hormone that signals {{c1::high blood volume}}
Published	08/30/2024	{{c1::Paracrine::Autocrine, Paracrine, OR Endocrine}} signals affect cells that are {{c2::nearby::far away OR nearby}}.
Published	08/30/2024	What are the 4 types of cellular receptors, ordered from fastest signaling to slowest?{{c1::Ion channel}} receptors (act in {{c2::milliseconds}}){{c1:…
Published	08/30/2024	Opening {{c1::Na+::ion}} and {{c1::Ca2+::ion}} channels tend to {{c2::depolarize::depolarize OR hyperpolarize}} the cell, whereas opening {{…
Published	08/30/2024	In the CNS, {{c1::GABA::main inhibitory neurotransmitter}} {{c2::opens::opens OR blocks}} {{c1::Cl-::ion}} channels, {{c2::hyperpolarizing::hyper…
Published	08/30/2024	In the CNS, {{c1::glutamate::main stimulatory neurotransmitter}} {{c2::opens::opens OR closes}} {{c3::Na+::ion}} and {{c3::Ca2+::ion}} channels, …
Published	08/30/2024	Here are 5 important second messengers:{{c1::cAMP}}, made by {{c3::adenylyl cyclase}} and activates {{c2::Protein Kinase A::kinase}}{{c1::cGMP}},…
Published	08/30/2024	There are 3 types of GPCR's that we need to know:Gs {{c1::increases::increases OR decreases}} {{c2::cAMP::Name the second messenger(s)}}.
Published	08/30/2024	There are 3 types of GPCR's that we need to know:Gi {{c1::decreases::increases OR decreases}} the activity of {{c2::adenylyl cyclase::protein}}, there…
Published	08/30/2024	There are 3 types of GPCR's that we need to know:Gq {{c1::increases::increases OR decreases}} intracellular concentrations of {{c2::DAG, IP3, and Ca2+…
Published	08/30/2024	Epinephrine and albuterol are {{c1::G protein::type of receptor}}-linked signals
Published	08/30/2024	Insulin is a {{c1::enzyme::DNA, enzyme, OR ion channel}}-linked signal.
Published	08/30/2024	Cortisol and Prednisone are {{c1::DNA::ion channel, GPCR, enzyme, OR DNA}}-linked signals.
Published	08/31/2023	The 4 parts of {{c1::pharmacokinetics}} are:{{c2::Absorption::A}}{{c2::Distribution::D}}{{c2::Metabolism::M}}{{c2::Elimination::E}}
Published	08/31/2023	Phase {{c1::II}} clinical trials will generally use a surrogate clinical endpoint (e.g. BP), while phase {{c1::III}} trials will have the relevant cli…
Published	08/30/2024	If no ligand is present, then the receptor will oscillate between active and inactive but be mostly {{c1::inactive::active OR inactive}}.
Published	08/31/2023	There are 3 types of {{c2::blockers}}:{{c1::partial agonists}} slightly increase receptor activity{{c1::antagonists}} don't change receptor activity{{…
Published	08/31/2023	Compared to Drug A, Drug B has less {{c1::potency::potency or efficacy}}
Published	08/31/2023	Compared to Drug A, Drug C has less {{c1::efficacy::potency or efficacy}}
Published	08/31/2023	Therapeutic {{c1::window}} is the dosage range that can safely treat disease without any toxicity
Published	08/31/2023	A {{c1::super agonist}} increases receptor activity more than the natural ligand
Published	08/30/2024	Resting membrane potential is {{c1::negative::positive OR negative}} inside cells, approximately -{{c1::70}} millivolts.
Published	08/30/2024	The threshold potential of neurons is approximately {{c1::-55}} millivolts, at which an action potential is triggered.
Published	08/30/2024	An {{c1::EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential)}} is a membrane potential that {{c1::depolarizes::depolarizes OR hyperpolarizes}} a cell, …
Published	08/30/2024	An {{c1::IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)}} is a membrane potential that {{c1::hyperpolarizes::depolarizes OR hyperpolarizes}} a cell,&nb…
Published	08/30/2024	{{c1::Hydrophilic (Polar)}} signals {{c2::do not::do OR do not}} cross cell membranes
Published	08/30/2024	{{c1::Hydrophobic::Hydrophilic OR Hydrophobic}} signals {{c2::do::do OR do not}} cross cell membranes; {{c1::hydrophilic::hydrophilic OR hydropho…
Published	08/30/2024	G{{c3::s}} pathway:adenylyl cyclase is {{c2::activated::inhibited OR activated}}cAMP concentration {{c2::increases::increases OR decreases}}…
Published	08/30/2024	G{{c3::i::s, q, OR i}} pathway:adenylyl cyclase is  {{c1::inhibited::activated OR inhibited}}so, cAMP concentration {{c2::decreases::de…
Published	08/30/2024	{{c1::Nitric oxide}} pathway:cGMP concentration {{c2::increases::increases OR decreases}}PKG activity {{c2::increases::increases OR decreases}}result:…
Published	08/30/2024	{{c1::Lidocaine::medication}} blocks {{c2::Na+::ion}} channels, thereby inhibiting {{c3::depolarization::depolarization OR hyperpolarization}}.
Published	08/30/2024	{{c1::Nifedipine::medication}} blocks {{c2::Ca2+::ion}} channels which cause {{c1::vasodilation::vasoconstriction OR vasodilation}}. This treats {{c2:…
Published	08/30/2024	{{c1::Glimeperide (a sulfonylurea)::medication}} blocks {{c2::K+::ion}} leak channels. This results in {{c2::hyperpolarization::depolarization OR hype…
Published	08/30/2024	{{c1::Diazepam::medication}} opens {{c2::Cl-::ion}} channels, resulting in {{c2::hyperpolarization::hyperpolarization OR depolarization}}. This treats…
Status	Last Update	Fields