Notes in IBSA2

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Published	10/12/2024	Which muscles are involved in forearm pronation, and what are their innervations?
Published	10/12/2024	Which muscles are involved in forearm supination, and what are their innervations?
Published	10/12/2024	What are the four principal movements allowed at the radiocarpal joint?
Published	10/12/2024	Name all the muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm innervated by the median nerve.
Published	10/12/2024	Name all the muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm innervated by the anterior interosseous nerve (branch of median).
Published	10/12/2024	Name all the muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm innervated by the ulnar nerve.
Published	10/12/2024	Name all the muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm innervated by the radial nerve.
Published	10/12/2024	Name all the muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm innervated by the deep branch of the radial nerve.
Published	10/12/2024	Name all the muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm innervated by the posterior interosseous nerve.
Published	10/12/2024	What is the anatomical basis of Nursemaid’s elbow?
Published	10/12/2024	Which ligament is involved in Nursemaid’s elbow?
Published	10/12/2024	Which muscles are involved in tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)?
Published	10/12/2024	Which muscles are involved in golfer’s elbow (medial epicondylitis)?
Published	10/12/2024	Which structure is involved in little leaguer's elbow?
Published	10/12/2024	Where can you palpate the pulse of the radial artery?
Published	10/12/2024	Where can you palpate the pulse of the ulnar artery?
Published	10/12/2024	Which anatomical structure is involved in mallet finger?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the clinical presentation of mallet finger?
Published	10/12/2024	Which muscles make up the thenar group and what is their innervation?
Published	10/12/2024	Which muscles make up the hypothenar group and what is their innervation?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the innervation of the adductor pollicis muscle?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the action and innervation of the lumbricals?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the action and innervation of the palmar interossei?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the action and innervation of the dorsal interossei?
Published	10/12/2024	Name the ten structures that pass through the carpal tunnel.
Published	10/12/2024	What is the anatomical basis of carpal tunnel syndrome?
Published	10/12/2024	What are common symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome?
Published	10/12/2024	Where is Guyon’s canal located?
Published	10/12/2024	What are the contents of Guyon’s canal?
Published	10/12/2024	What are the functional deficits associated with a radial nerve injury at midshaft humerus?
Published	10/12/2024	What are the functional deficits associated with a deep radial nerve injury near the elbow?
Published	10/12/2024	What are the functional deficits associated with a superficial radial nerve injury proximal to the wrist?
Published	10/12/2024	What are the functional deficits associated with a median nerve injury at the level of the pronator teres?
Published	10/12/2024	What are the functional deficits associated with a median nerve injury in the carpal tunnel?
Published	10/12/2024	What are the functional deficits associated with an ulnar nerve injury at the medial epicondyle?
Published	10/12/2024	What are the functional deficits associated with an ulnar nerve injury at Guyon’s canal?
Published	10/12/2024	What are the functional deficits associated with a deep ulnar nerve injury?
Published	10/12/2024	What are the functional deficits associated with a superficial ulnar nerve injury?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the clinical significance of the anatomical snuff box?
Published	10/12/2024	What is Dupuytren’s contracture?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the anatomical basis of Dupuytren’s contracture?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the mechanism of injury and bone involved in a Colle’s fracture?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the mechanism of injury and bone involved in a scaphoid fracture?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the mechanism of injury and bone involved in a boxer’s fracture?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the cutaneous distribution of the axillary nerve?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the cutaneous distribution of the radial nerve?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the cutaneous distribution of the superficial radial nerve?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the cutaneous distribution of the medial cutaneous nerve of the arm?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the cutaneous distribution of the medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the cutaneous distribution of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the cutaneous distribution of the median nerve?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the cutaneous distribution of the ulnar nerve?
Published	10/12/2024	What are the branches of the superior trunk of the brachial plexus?
Published	10/12/2024	What are the functional deficits associated with an injury to the superior trunk?
Published	10/12/2024	What are the branches of the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus?
Published	10/12/2024	What are the functional deficits associated with an injury to the inferior trunk?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the clinical significance of Allen’s test?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the primary action associated with the C5 myotome?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the primary action associated with the C6 myotome?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the primary action associated with the C7 myotome?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the primary action associated with the T1 myotome?
Published	10/12/2024	What forms the superior boundary of the abdominal cavity?
Published	10/12/2024	What forms the inferior boundary of the abdominopelvic cavity?
Published	10/12/2024	What structure divides the abdominal and pelvic cavities?
Published	10/12/2024	What bones define the abdominal cavity?
Published	10/12/2024	What surface landmarks define the extent of the abdominal cavity?
Published	10/12/2024	What are the primary functions of the abdominal wall muscles?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the Valsalva Maneuver?
Published	10/12/2024	What are the effects of the Valsalva Maneuver?
Published	10/12/2024	List the layers of the anterolateral abdominal wall from superficial to deep.
Published	10/12/2024	What is the rectus sheath?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the linea alba?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the arcuate line?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the semilunar line?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the action of the iliopsoas muscle?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the action of the quadratus lumborum?
Published	10/12/2024	What surface landmark corresponds to the T6 dermatome?
Published	10/12/2024	What surface landmark corresponds to the T10 dermatome?
Published	10/12/2024	What surface landmark corresponds to the L1 dermatome?
Published	10/12/2024	What structure creates the median umbilical fold?
Published	10/12/2024	What structure creates the medial umbilical folds?
Published	10/12/2024	What structure creates the lateral umbilical folds?
Published	10/12/2024	Trace the path of a bolus through the GI tract.
Published	10/12/2024	Name the accessory organs of the digestive system.
Published	10/12/2024	What structures are derived from the foregut?
Published	10/12/2024	What structures are derived from the midgut?
Published	10/12/2024	What structures are derived from the hindgut?
Published	10/12/2024	Trace the flow of urine from the kidney to the bladder.
Published	10/12/2024	List the internal reproductive organs.
Published	10/12/2024	Which branch of the aorta supplies the foregut?
Published	10/12/2024	Which branch of the aorta supplies the midgut?
Published	10/12/2024	Which branch of the aorta supplies the hindgut?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the difference between the caval and portal systems?
Published	10/12/2024	What are the medial and lateral attachments of the inguinal ligament?
Published	10/12/2024	Which planes divide the abdomen into 4 quadrants?
Published	10/12/2024	Which organs are in the right upper quadrant?
Published	10/12/2024	Which organs are in the left upper quadrant?
Published	10/12/2024	Which organs are in the right lower quadrant?
Published	10/12/2024	Which organs are in the left lower quadrant?
Published	10/12/2024	Why do abdominal wall incisions made along the midline have minimal bleeding and less pain?
Published	10/12/2024	What is drug absorption?
Published	10/12/2024	What is drug distribution?
Published	10/12/2024	What is drug metabolism?
Published	10/12/2024	What is drug excretion?
Published	10/12/2024	How does drug solubility affect absorption?
Published	10/12/2024	How does drug ionization affect absorption?
Published	10/12/2024	How does solubility affect intravenous drug absorption?
Published	10/12/2024	How does drug solubility affect distribution?
Published	10/12/2024	How does pH affect drug excretion?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the therapeutic window of a drug?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the therapeutic threshold?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the toxic threshold?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the first-pass effect?
Published	10/12/2024	What is a loading dose?
Published	10/12/2024	What is a maintenance dose?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the volume of distribution (Vd)?
Published	10/12/2024	How is the volume of distribution (Vd) calculated?
Published	10/12/2024	How is drug half-life (t1/2) calculated?
Published	10/12/2024	What is clearance (Cl)?
Published	10/12/2024	How do genetic variants affect drug metabolism?
Published	10/12/2024	How does impaired renal function affect drug excretion?
Published	10/12/2024	How do drug-drug interactions affect metabolism?
Published	10/12/2024	What are the five main classes of receptors?
Published	10/12/2024	What happens to the dose-response curve when drug affinity increases?
Published	10/12/2024	What happens to the dose-response curve when drug potency increases?
Published	10/12/2024	What happens to the dose-response curve when drug efficacy increases?
Published	10/12/2024	What is an agonist?
Published	10/12/2024	What is an antagonist?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the effect of a competitive antagonist on a dose-response curve?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the effect of a non-competitive antagonist on a dose-response curve?
Published	10/12/2024	What is receptor desensitization?
Published	10/12/2024	How many neurons are between the CNS and the effector tissue in the somatic nervous system?
Published	10/12/2024	How many neurons are between the CNS and the effector tissue in the autonomic nervous system?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the general function of the sympathetic nervous system?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the general function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Published	10/12/2024	Which division has cell bodies in paravertebral ganglia?
Published	10/12/2024	Which division has cell bodies in prevertebral ganglia?
Published	10/12/2024	Which division has cell bodies in terminal ganglia?
Published	10/12/2024	Where are preganglionic sympathetic cell bodies located?
Published	10/12/2024	Where are preganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies located?
Published	10/12/2024	From which spinal cord levels do preganglionic sympathetic neurons innervating thoracic viscera originate?
Published	10/12/2024	From which spinal cord levels do preganglionic sympathetic neurons innervating abdominopelvic viscera originate?
Published	10/12/2024	How do sympathetic neurons reach the body wall and extremities?
Published	10/12/2024	How do sympathetic neurons reach the head and neck?
Published	10/12/2024	How do sympathetic neurons reach thoracic viscera?
Published	10/12/2024	How do sympathetic neurons reach abdominopelvic viscera?
Published	10/12/2024	Where are the preganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies whose fibers travel in the vagus nerve?
Published	10/12/2024	Where are the preganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies whose fibers travel in the pelvic splanchnic nerves?
Published	10/12/2024	How do visceral pain fibers from thoracic viscera reach the CNS?
Published	10/12/2024	How do visceral pain fibers from pelvic viscera inferior to the peritoneum reach the CNS?
Published	10/12/2024	Where are the cell bodies of visceral afferent neurons located?
Published	10/12/2024	How does visceral pain differ from somatic pain?
Published	10/12/2024	What is referred pain?
Published	10/12/2024	Which viscera receive preganglionic parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve?
Published	10/12/2024	Which viscera receive preganglionic parasympathetic innervation from the pelvic splanchnic nerves?
Published	10/12/2024	What neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
Published	10/12/2024	What type of receptor is stimulated by preganglionic neurons?
Published	10/12/2024	What neurotransmitter is released by postganglionic sympathetic neurons?
Published	10/12/2024	What neurotransmitter is released by postganglionic parasympathetic neurons?
Published	10/12/2024	What intracellular signaling pathway does Gs activate?
Published	10/12/2024	What intracellular signaling pathway does Gi inhibit?
Published	10/12/2024	What intracellular signaling pathway does Gq activate?
Published	10/12/2024	Which GPCR class does β1, β2, and β3 adrenergic receptors belong to?
Published	10/12/2024	Which GPCR class does α1 adrenergic receptor belong to?
Published	10/12/2024	Which GPCR class does α2 adrenergic receptor belong to?
Published	10/12/2024	Which GPCR class do M1, M3, and M5 muscarinic receptors belong to?
Published	10/12/2024	Which GPCR class do M2 and M4 muscarinic receptors belong to?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the function of beta-1 adrenergic receptors?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the function of beta-2 adrenergic receptors?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the function of beta-3 adrenergic receptors?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the function of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the function of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the function of M1 muscarinic receptors?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the function of M2 muscarinic receptors?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the function of M3 muscarinic receptors?
Published	10/12/2024	Which G-protein is coupled to beta adrenergic receptors?
Published	10/12/2024	Which G-protein is coupled to alpha-1 adrenergic receptors?
Published	10/12/2024	Which G-protein is coupled to alpha-2 adrenergic receptors?
Published	10/12/2024	Which G-protein is coupled to M1, M3, and M5 muscarinic receptors?
Published	10/12/2024	Which G-protein is coupled to M2 and M4 muscarinic receptors?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the overall effect of beta adrenergic receptor activation in myocardial cells?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the overall effect of beta-2 adrenergic receptor activation in smooth muscle cells?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the primary effect of M2 receptor activation in the heart?
Published	10/12/2024	Which spinal cord levels innervate the foregut?
Published	10/12/2024	Which spinal cord levels innervate the midgut?
Published	10/12/2024	Which spinal cord levels innervate the hindgut?
Published	10/12/2024	List the four bones involved in the paranasal sinuses.
Published	10/12/2024	What is the action of the sternocleidomastoid when acting unilaterally?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the action of the sternocleidomastoid when acting bilaterally?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the innervation of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Published	10/12/2024	What surface anatomy landmark is used to locate the internal jugular vein?
Published	10/12/2024	What are the three subdivisions of the pharynx?
Published	10/12/2024	Through what does the nasopharynx communicate with the nasal cavity?
Published	10/12/2024	Through what does the oropharynx communicate with the oral cavity?
Published	10/12/2024	Through what does the laryngopharynx communicate with the larynx?
Published	10/12/2024	What are the surface landmarks used to locate the thyroid gland?
Published	10/12/2024	What two arteries supply the structures of the head and neck?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the origin of the common carotid artery on the right side?
Published	10/12/2024	What is the origin of the common carotid artery on the left side?
Published	10/12/2024	What arteries supply the thyroid gland?
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