Notes in Endocrine

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	03/28/2025	Explain the principle of negative feedback control of hormone secretion
Published	03/28/2025	Explain the principles of positive feedback and feed forward control of hormone secretion
Published	03/28/2025	Define/describe the different routes of hormone delivery:{{c1::Endocrine}}: {{c2::secretion of a hormone by one cell with transmission via the blood a…
Published	04/02/2025	{{c1::Plasma proteins}} are important for {{c2::transport}} and {{c2::cell targeting}} of {{c2::thyroid}} and {{c2::ster…
Published	03/28/2025	Why can the bases of hormone measurements such as radioimmunoassay and ELISAs be used to measure hormones?
Published	04/01/2025	{{c1::Peptide/protein}} and {{c1::catecholamine}} hormones are {{c2::water soluble}}, meaning they are mostly dissolved in {{c2::plasma}}  {{c1::…
Published	03/28/2025	How can hormones be cleared from the blood?
Published	04/02/2025	{{c1::Peptide hormones}}: {{c2::hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, pituitary, pancreas, parathyroid gland and others.}}{{c1::Eicosanoids}}: {{c2::…
Published	03/28/2025	What is the most common hormone class in the body?
Published	03/28/2025	What hormones are classes are lipophobic?
Published	03/28/2025	Name ONE hormone from the following:Pineal gland: {{c1::Melatonin }}Pituitary: {{c1::Growth hormone, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, prolactin, oxytocin, ADH…
Published	03/30/2025	The {{c1::hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system}} is a specialized vascular network that connects the {{c2::hypothalamus}} and&nb…
Published	03/30/2025	List three examples of hypothalamic-pituitary axes
Published	03/30/2025	The anterior pituitary is also known as the {{c1::adenohypophysis (pars distalis)}}, while the posterior pituitary is known as the {{c1::neurophypophy…
Published	03/30/2025	For embyonic development: The {{c2::anterior pituitary}} develops from {{c1::Rathke's pouch}}, which is an invagination of {{c1::pharyngeal epith…
Published	03/30/2025	How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior and posterior pituitary gland?
Published	03/30/2025	What is the posterior pituitary mainly composed of?
Published	03/30/2025	What portion of the pituitary gland does NOT synthesize the hormones it secretes?
Published	03/30/2025	What hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary?
Published	03/30/2025	Describe route A for hormone transport from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary
Published	03/30/2025	Describe route B for hormone transport from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
Published	04/02/2025	What are the target organs (2) and functional effects (4) of oxytocin?
Published	03/30/2025	What are the stimuli for oxytocin release in relation to its reproductive and lactation functions?
Published	04/02/2025	What are the target cells for vasopressin (ADH)?
Published	03/30/2025	What is the primary and secondary function of vasopressin (ADH)?
Published	03/30/2025	The primary trigger for ADH release is {{c1::increased blood osmolality}}. This is detected by {{c2::shrinkage of osmoreceptor cells}}&…
Published	04/02/2025	What is a disease state caused by the under-secretion of vasopressin (ADH), and what are the clinical findings?
Published	04/02/2025	Name or describe the hypothalamic hormones that control secretion of the following anterior pituitary hormones, and discribe their route of transporta…
Published	03/30/2025	List the five cell types OR six hormones produced by the anterior pituitary{{c1::Lactotrophs}}:{{c2::PRL (prolactin)}}{{c1::Gonadotrophs}}: {{c2::LH a…
Published	03/30/2025	Name/ describe the following feedback controls for the {{c2::anterior pituitary}}{{c1::Short Loop Feedback}}: from the {{c2::anterior pituitary hormon…
Published	04/02/2025	What 3 hormones/compounds regulate blood calcium levels?
Published	04/02/2025	What are the 3 primary sources of blood calcium?
Published	04/02/2025	Where is vitamin D produced and activated? What compound activates it?
Published	04/03/2025	List the primary and secondary effects of vitamin  D
Published	04/02/2025	{{c2::Parathyroid hormone}} is produced by {{c1::chief}} cells within the {{c1::parathyroid glands}}. It is produced during periods of {{c1::low …
Published	04/02/2025	{{c2::Calcitonin}} is produced by {{c1::C (parafollicular)}} cells within the {{c1::thyroid gland}}. It is produced during periods of {{c1::high …
Published	04/03/2025	What are the 3-ish direct effects of PTH?
Published	04/02/2025	How is osteoblast and osteoclast function influenced by PTH and Calcitonin?
Published	04/02/2025	Very briefly describe the function of calcitonin
Published	04/02/2025	How does Vitamin D cause inhibited secretion of PTH?
Published	04/02/2025	What causes release of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) from the hypothalamus?
Published	04/02/2025	{{c2::Growth Hormone}} release is regulated by the {{c1::hypothalamus}}. This is done via two hormones, {{c1::somatostatin (SST)}}, and {{c1::growth h…
Published	04/02/2025	Growth hormone has a {{c1::very short}} half-life. To mitigate this, it acts to stimulate production of {{c1::insulin-like growth factors (IGF's)…
Published	04/02/2025	What are the direct effects of growth hormone (GH), and the indirect effects mediated by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)?
Published	04/02/2025	How is GH production negatively regulated?
Published	04/02/2025	What are the two groups of GH overproduction, and how do they present?
Published	04/02/2025	What is the consequence of GH underproduction?
Published	04/02/2025	{{c2::FSH}} and {{c2::LH}} release is stimulated by {{c1::GnRH}} from the {{c1::hypothalamus}}. In response, these two hormones are released from…
Published	04/02/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3288:top=.7904:width=.0991:height=.0212:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1975:top=.8187:width=.2003:height=.025…
Published	04/02/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1476:top=.7633:width=.1079:height=.0212:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3588:top=.7939:width=.1653:height=.022…
Published	04/02/2025	What type of hormones are primarily produced by the adernal gland?
Published	04/02/2025	What is the zona reticularis, zona fasiciulata, and zona glomerulosa regualted by?
Published	04/02/2025	What is the major regulator of the adrenal medulla?
Published	04/02/2025	What are the functional zones of the adrenal glands (hint: one medullary and three cortical zones), and what are the priniciple hormones secreted from…
Published	04/02/2025	What types of cells in the adrenal medulla produce epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Published	04/02/2025	For glucocorticoid secretion: {{c1::Stress}} stimulates {{c2::corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)}} release from the {{c3::…
Published	04/03/2025	What factors that stimulate corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) secretion from the hypothalamus?
Published	04/02/2025	{{c1::ACTH}} stimulates adrenal gland to release {{c2::cortisol}}. {{c2::Cortisol}} is important for {{c1::gluconeogenesis}}, {{c1::protein metabolism…
Published	04/02/2025	{{c1::Mineralocorticoids}} regulate {{c2::salt}} and {{c2::water}} balance. An example would be {{c2::aldosterone}}{{c1::Glucocorticoids}} are im…
Published	04/02/2025	What are consequences of a) over-secretion and b) under-secretion of adrenal hormones
Published	04/02/2025	What disorders where discussed in class that affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and are they linked with hypoadrenalism or hyperaldrenali…
Published	04/03/2025	An ACTH stimulation test is used to differentiate between iatrogenic and spontaneous HAC. Blood is collected before ACTH administration and 1 hour lat…
Published	04/03/2025	{{c1::Low-dose dexamethasone suppression}} test is used as a screening test for HAC. In dogs with HAC, {{c2::dexamethasone}} fails to s…
Published	04/03/2025	A decrease in {{c1::blood volume}} or {{c1::pressure}} leads to {{c2::angiotensin II}} production and increased {{c…
Published	04/03/2025	What are the consequences of over and under secretion of aldosterone?
Published	04/03/2025	Describe the RAAS system:
Published	04/02/2025	How do ACE inhibitors work?
Published	04/02/2025	What are the biological consequences of activation of the adrenal medulla?
Published	04/02/2025	What are the effects of norepineprhine and epinephrine?
Published	04/02/2025	Norepinephrine causes vasoconstriction in most organs. What are the exceptions?
Published	04/02/2025	What stimuli leads to catecholamine secretion?
Published	04/02/2025	Describe three phases of the stress response w/ dominant hormones
Published	04/02/2025	How are thyroid hormone secretions regulated?
Published	04/02/2025	In the thyriod gland, what substance are large amounts of T3 and T4 bound to and eventually cleaved from?
Published	04/02/2025	{{c1::T3}} and {{c1::T4}} are {{c2::lipid}} soluble, meaning that they need to be combined with {{c2::plasma proteins}} for transport. They are slowly…
Published	04/02/2025	What stimulates TSH secretion from the hypothalamus?
Published	04/02/2025	How does thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) promote thyriod production?
Published	04/02/2025	What are the two GENERAL effects of T3 and T4?
Published	04/02/2025	Describe at least 4 specific effects of T3 and T4
Published	04/02/2025	What are the causes and consequences of undersecretion of thyriod hormones?
Published	04/02/2025	What are the causes and consequences of oversecretion of thyriod hormones?
Published	04/03/2025	What is/are the primary organ sources of glucose during the absorptive and post-absorptive state?
Published	04/03/2025	Name the pancreatic islet cell or its product: {{c1::Alpha cells}}: {{c2::Glucagon}} {{c1::Beta cells}}: {{c2::Insulin}} {{c1::Delta cells}}: {{c2::So…
Published	04/03/2025	What is the primary hormone of the absorptive(fed) and post-absorptive(post-fed) states?
Published	04/03/2025	In the context of glucose transfer, what tissues are dependent on insulin to facilitate absorption, and which are independent?
Published	04/03/2025	What stimulates production of insulin within pancreatic B cells, and what is cosecreted with insulin?
Published	04/03/2025	Name the target organs or effects of insulin: {{c1::Most cells}}: {{c2::Glucose uptake}} {{c1::Liver}}: {{c2::Glycogen & Lipid storage}} {{c1…
Published	04/03/2025	List the target organs and broad function of glucagon
Published	04/03/2025	How does blood glucose affect insulin and glucagon secretion?
Published	04/03/2025	Pancreatic {{c1::somatostatin}} is released in response to {{c2::food ingestion}}, and causes {{c2::inhibition}} of pancreatic islet cells.
Published	04/03/2025	Describe the clinical sign or physiologic cause related to diabetes mellitus: {{c1::Hyperglycemia}}: {{c2::Glucose mobilization without uptake}} …
Published	04/03/2025	What are two methods by which endocrine disruptors may alter normal endocrine response?
Status	Last Update	Fields