Notes in Autonomic and Neuromuscular Pharm

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Published	02/11/2025	What are the structural characteristics of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?
Published	02/11/2025	What are the structural characteristics of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)?
Published	02/11/2025	What are the two components of the PNS?
Published	02/11/2025	What are the functional roles of the SNS and PNS?
Published	02/11/2025	What is the role of postganglionic neurons in neurotransmission?
Published	02/11/2025	What two molecules combine to form ACh?
Published	02/11/2025	How is ACh metabolized?
Published	02/11/2025	Biosynthesis of NE occurs within an adrenergic neuronCatecholamine cascade:{{c1::Phenylalanine}} → {{c1::Tyrosine}} → {{c2::L-Dopa}} → {{c2::Dopamine}…
Published	02/11/2025	What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
Published	02/11/2025	What structures are included in the CNS?
Published	02/11/2025	What neurotransmitter is released at the ganglion in both the SNS and PNS?
Published	02/11/2025	What neurotransmitters are used in the PNS?
Published	02/11/2025	What neurotransmitters are used in the SNS?
Published	02/11/2025	Why can anticholinergics cause heat stroke?
Published	02/11/2025	What neurotransmitter is used in the neuromuscular junction?
Published	02/11/2025	What is myasthenia gravis?
Published	02/11/2025	What is the neurotransmitter in cholinergic neurons?
Published	02/11/2025	Where does ACh biosynthesis occur?
Published	02/11/2025	What happens if acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is inhibited?
Published	02/11/2025	What neurotransmitter is used by adrenergic neurons?
Published	02/11/2025	What enzymes are involved in norepinephrine biosynthesis?
Published	02/11/2025	How can artificial sweeteners affect catecholamine production?
Published	02/11/2025	What two enzymes metabolize norepinephrine?
Published	02/11/2025	What dietary restrictions are necessary when taking MAO inhibitors?
Published	02/11/2025	What are the two subtypes of MAO enzymes and their functions?
Published	02/13/2025	Adrenergic receptors{{c1::Alpha1}} primarily in {{c2::blood vessels}}{{c1::Alpha2}} primarily in CNS on {{c2::presynaptic}} membrane and controls the …
Published	02/17/2025	What is the biosynthesis pathway of norepinephrine?
Published	02/17/2025	What is the function of COMT?
Published	02/17/2025	What drug inhibits MAO-B and is used for Parkinson’s disease?
Published	02/17/2025	What COMT inhibitor is used in Parkinson’s disease?
Published	02/17/2025	Why does Tolcapone have a black box warning?
Published	02/17/2025	Where does norepinephrine synthesis occur?
Published	02/17/2025	What happens to norepinephrine after being released into the synapse?
Published	02/17/2025	What enzyme metabolizes NE inside the neuron?
Published	02/17/2025	What are the main adrenergic receptor subtypes?
Published	02/17/2025	Where are Alpha-1 receptors located, and what is their function?
Published	02/17/2025	Where are Alpha-2 receptors located, and what is their function?
Published	02/17/2025	Where are Beta-1 receptors located, and what is their function?
Published	02/17/2025	Where are Beta-2 receptors located, and what is their function?
Published	02/17/2025	Where are Beta-3 receptors located, and what is their function?
Published	02/17/2025	What are the two main types of cholinergic receptors?
Published	02/17/2025	Where are nicotinic receptors located?
Published	02/17/2025	Where are muscarinic receptors located?
Published	02/17/2025	Why is epinephrine used in eye drops? (stimulates what, causing what)
Published	02/17/2025	PNS Preganglionic neurons comes from CNS, called the {{c1::craniosacral}} outfloware located in the {{c1::pons}}, medulla, and {{c1::sacral}} spi…
Published	02/17/2025	PNS Presynaptic neuron is {{c1::highly branched}}, can innervate more than 1 organ; postsynaptic neuron is very simple, not {{c1::branched}}…
Published	02/17/2025	SNS Preganglionic neuron comes from CNS, are located in the thoracic and {{c1::lumbar}} spine , called {{c1::thoracolumbar}} outfl…
Published	02/17/2025	Second exception to SNS (Ach then NE) is the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medullaThey are analogous to the {{c1::post ganglionic neurons}} so …
Published	02/17/2025	ACh is also used in the neuromuscular junction, released onto the {{c1::neuromuscular plate}}, causing muscular contraction.
Published	02/17/2025	Biosynthesis of ACh occurs within a cholinergic neuron {{c1::axon terminal}}acetylCoA + choline (amino acid)Stored in vesicles at axon and released wh…
Published	02/17/2025	After dissociating from the membrane, ACh is destroyed & metabolized instantly  via the enzymatic action of acetylcholinesterase (AChase) at …
Published	02/17/2025	AChase is an enzyme in abundance on the surface of the postsynaptic membrane.breakdown occurs predominantly in the synapse of a cholinergic, can happe…
Published	02/17/2025	Biosynthesis of NE Multiple precursors starting with amino acids from {{c1::digested dietary proteins}} in the bloodstream. NE stored i…
Published	02/17/2025	Neurochemistry of adrenergic neurons: the termination of NE transmission after dissociating from post-synaptic receptorsHow it can be terminated:&nbsp…
Published	02/17/2025	2 transporters that are important for NE transport: {{c1::NET}}{{c1::VMAT}}
Published	02/17/2025	NE transporter: NETA significant amount of NE is subject to {{c1::reuptake into the cytosol}} of the presynaptic membrane through a membrane-spanning …
Published	02/17/2025	NE transport: VMATSome NE in the cytosol is taken up into {{c1::vesicles}} again through transporter (VMAT, vesicular monoamine transporter)A reversib…
Published	02/17/2025	Metabolism by monoamine oxidase (MAO) & catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)MAO inhibitors block the action of MAO, blocking the breakdown of …
Published	02/17/2025	MAO-A found in neurons, {{c1::liver}}, pulm vasc {{c2::endothelium}}, GI {{c2::tract}}, and the {{c1::placenta}}. MAO-B found…
Published	02/17/2025	No selective {{c1::MAO-A}} inhibitors approved by FDA rn, but there are 3 non-selective MAO-A/MAO-B inhibitors. Mostly used for depress…
Published	02/17/2025	2 Sub-types (isoenzymes) of MAO enzymes:MAO-A: metabolizes {{c2::NE}}, {{c1::epinephrine}}, {{c2::serotonin}} and dopamineMAO-B: selectively meta…
Published	02/17/2025	Dopamine is primarily metabolized by {{c1::COMT }}{{c1::COMT}} inhibitors can prevent the metabolism of Dopamine into its metabolites, thus prese…
Published	02/17/2025	Adrenergic neurons: biosynthesis/metabolism of NEIn the adrenergic neuron, NE biosynthesis occurs by converting tyrosine to NE({{c1::free}}) and NE ({…
Published	02/17/2025	Adrenergic neurons: biosynthesis/metabolism of NEMAO converts NE to a metabolite which gets eliminated and then is further broken down by {{c1::COMT}}…
Published	02/17/2025	Cholinergic neuronsNerve impulse causes AP which travels down the neuron and ACh is released at the synaptic cleftAch being released after a nerve imp…
Published	02/17/2025	Adrenergic neuronsNerve impulse excites neuron and causes AP to travelDepolarization promotes the {{c1::diffusion}} of the NE vesicle to the membrane …
Published	02/17/2025	NE is subject to uptake into the cytosol of the presynaptic membrane through the NE transporter Free NE can be packaged into vesicles through the…
Published	02/17/2025	NE gets metabolized by {{c1::MAO-A}} in the {{c2::presynaptic}} terminal If NE is taken up into the tissue, COMT metabolizes it In the …
Published	02/17/2025	Sub-types of transporter proteins in a variety of different neurons:The transporter proteins are those responsible for removing neurotransmitter from …
Published	02/17/2025	GATs: GABA transporters (target for anti-seizure meds)GABA is major {{c1::inhibitory}} neurotransmitter in the CNS. {{c1::inhibiting}} the GAT, leaves…
Published	02/17/2025	Describe a similarity and difference between the following terms:Bound vs free states of NE in synaptic vesiclePresynaptic receptor of NE vs NET, axon…
Published	02/17/2025	PNS = rest and digest, “vegetation” responsesPupils {{c1::constrict}} ({{c1::myosis}}), circular muscles contract and reduce stimulation while re…
Published	02/17/2025	SNS = fight/flight Adrenal gland will release epiPupils dilate ({{c1::mydrasis}}) (A1), d/t contraction of radial muscles Heart → Increased …
Published	02/17/2025	Something to note for SNS: a lot more blood vessels constrict versus those that dilate, which helps contribute to the overall BP Blood vessels in…
Published	02/17/2025	If epinephrine were used as an eye drop, how would it change the size of your pupils?{{c1::Dilation}} d/t {{c1::radial}} muscle
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