Notes in 08 Disorders of Consciousness

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Published	05/10/2024	The primary symptoms of narcolepsy are excessive daytime {{c1::sleepiness}} and {{c2::sleep attacks}}
Published	05/10/2024	What is the likely diagnosis in a patient that experienced a syncopal episode while urinating with normal cardiac exam? {{c1::Situational syncope}}
Published	05/10/2024	What is the likely diagnosis in a patient that experiences syncopal episodes provoked by strong emotion with prodromal symptoms (e.g. nausea, diaphore…
Published	05/10/2024	Generalized seizures may be differentiated from syncopal episodes by the presence of a(n) {{c1::post-ictal}} state and {{c2::lateral tongue biting}}
Published	05/10/2024	Which type of syncope is often preceded by nausea, bradycardia, and/or a feeling of warmth throughout the body?{{c1::Neurocardiogenic (vasovagal) sync…
Published	05/10/2024	All patients with syncope should receive a(n) {{c1::ECG::test}} to evaluate for arrhythmia and/or MI
Published	05/10/2024	Autonomic dysfunction is one cause of {{c1::orthostatic}} hypotension and syncope
Published	05/10/2024	{{c1::Vasovagal}} syncope can be reproduced by stimulating visceral organs, carotid stimulation, or emotional disturbances (blood)
Published	05/10/2024	{{c1::Orthostatic}} hypotension can be due to volume depletion or autonomic nervous system dysfunction
Published	05/10/2024	Orthostatic hypotension is managed with {{c1::rehydration::treatment}}
Published	05/10/2024	When syncope presents suddenly upon exertion, what is the most likely cause?{{c1::Mechanical obstruction to blood flow (valvular dysfunction)}}
Published	05/10/2024	{{c1::Vasovagal}} syncope is caused by vagus nerve overstimulation leading to bradycardia and hypotension, which causes enough cerebral hypoperfusion …
Published	05/10/2024	Can visual and auditory changes occur as a prodrome of syncope?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	05/10/2024	What type of syncope is likely in a person who has had an MI?{{c1::Cardiac syncope}}
Published	05/10/2024	What is the likely underlying cause of syncope in an elderly patient that stood up after a period of bed rest? {{c1::Orthostatic hypotension}}
Published	05/10/2024	Causes of syncope:VV: {{c1::Vasovagal}}O: {{c1::Orthostatics}}M: {{c1::Mechanical cardiac}}A: {{c1::Arrhythmia}}N: {{c1::Neuro}}P: {{c1::PE}}E: {{c1::…
Published	05/10/2024	In situational syncope, {{c1::parasympathetic}} hyperactivity triggers peripheral vascular {{c1::dilation}} and {{c1::bradycardia}}, resulting in a(n)…
Published	05/10/2024	If a patient has epilepsy and continues to have seizures that are refractory to medication, what should be done next?{{c1::Refer them to epilepsy moni…
Published	05/10/2024	{{c1::Seizures}} are a single event defined by {{c2::onset}} {{c1::Epilepsy}} characterizes a condition with recurrent unprovoked seizures that is def…
Published	05/10/2024	Seizures can be subdivided into {{c1::provoked}} or {{c1::unprovoked}} categories
Published	05/10/2024	Unprovoked seizures can be subdivided into {{c1::focal}} or {{c1::generalized}} in onset
Published	05/10/2024	If a patient has a focal seizure, they will either be {{c1::aware (FAS)}} or {{c1::unaware (FAIS)}}
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Published	05/10/2024	If a patient has a seizure in which her body tenses up and then her legs relax with her arms twitching/jerking followed by her whole body shaking, wha…
Published	05/10/2024	Generalized seizures are usually due to a {{c1::genetic mutation}}, usually one that affects ion channels which are important in transmission of neuro…
Published	05/10/2024	Characteristics of different seizures:{{c1::Absence}} seizures: staring spells where the patient stares into the distance{{c1::Atypical absence}} seiz…
Published	05/10/2024	{{c1::Absence}} epilepsy look innocuous, but on an EEG, there are many leads with high amplitude, generalized wave seizures
Published	05/10/2024	{{c1::Absence}} seizures are due to bursting of {{c2::T-type Ca 2+}} channels in the cortex and thalamus
Published	05/10/2024	Treatment for absence seizures is {{c1::ethosuximide}}
Published	05/10/2024	{{c1::Syncope}} is a sudden, transient loss of consciousness that is due to a temporary drop in cerebral perfusion
Published	05/10/2024	{{c1::Cardiogenic}} syncope can be due to not getting enough blood flow to the brain
Published	05/10/2024	{{c1::Reflex-mediated}} syncope is when you experience a stimulus that causes vagal {{c2::over}}stimulation which precipitates intense bradycardia and…
Published	05/10/2024	{{c1::Neurologic}} syncope is a cause of syncope in which you have an issue with the cerebrum or brainstem that causes syncope
Published	05/10/2024	{{c1::Psychogenic pseudosyncope}} can present like syncope and should be considered when a patient has a history or panic disorder or anxiety
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Published	05/10/2024	Avoid {{c1::valproic acid::medication}} if you are dealing with a patient with epilepsy who is pregnant
Published	05/10/2024	{{c1::Most}} seizure patients respond to the 1st or 2nd drug
Published	05/10/2024	{{c1::Neuropace}} is an implantable device into the outer part of the skull with the leads implanted where the seizures are coming from. The device co…
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Published	05/10/2024	On EEG of a patient with anoxic brain injury, you will frequently see {{c1::burst-suppression}} patterns
Published	05/13/2024	{{c1::Partial (focal)}} seizures affect a single area of the brain
Published	05/13/2024	Partial seizures most commonly originate in the {{c1::medial temporal}} lobe
Published	05/13/2024	{{c2::Focal with no impairment of awareness}} seizures are characterized by {{c1::intact::intact or impaired}} consciousness
Published	05/13/2024	{{c2::Focal with impairment of awareness*}} seizures are characterized by {{c1::impaired::intact or impaired}} consciousness
Published	05/13/2024	{{c1::Generalized}} seizures are diffuse and affect the entire brain
Published	05/13/2024	Which type of generalized seizure is characterized by a blank stare? {{c1::Absence seizures}}
Published	05/13/2024	{{c1::Absence}} seizures are characterized by impaired consciousness with no postictal confusion
Published	05/13/2024	{{c1::Absence}} seizures are also known as petit mal seizures
Published	05/13/2024	{{c2::Absence}} seizures are characterized by {{c1::3}} Hz spike-and-wave discharges on EEG
Published	05/13/2024	{{c1::Myoclonic}} seizures are characterized by quick single or repetitive muscle jerks
Published	05/13/2024	{{c1::Tonic-clonic}} seizures are characterized by alternating stiffening and movement
Published	05/13/2024	{{c1::Tonic-clonic}} seizures are also known as grand mal seizures
Published	05/13/2024	{{c1::Tonic}} seizures are characterized by stiffening
Published	05/13/2024	{{c2::Atonic}} seizures are characterized by sudden loss of muscle tone, thus known as "{{c1::drop}}" seizures
Published	05/13/2024	{{c1::Atonic}} seizures are commonly mistaken for fainting
Published	05/13/2024	{{c1::Status epilepticus}} is seizure activity for > 5 - 30 minutes (continuous or intermittent) without fully {{c2::regaining consciousness}} betw…
Published	05/13/2024	The most common cause of seizure in children is typically {{c1::genetic}}
Published	05/13/2024	The most common cause of seizure in adults is typically {{c1::tumor}}
Published	05/13/2024	The most common cause of seizure in the elderly is typically {{c1::stroke}}
Published	05/13/2024	Which stage of sleep do sleepwalking and night terrors occur? {{c1::Stage N3}}
Published	05/13/2024	What type(s) of seizures (partial, tonic-clonic, or absence) may be treated with valproic acid?{{c1::All three (partial, tonic-clonic, absence)}}
Published	05/13/2024	What type(s) of seizures (partial, tonic-clonic, or absence) may be treated with topiramate?{{c1::Partial and tonic-clonic}}
Published	05/13/2024	Topiramate exerts its effects by increasing {{c1::Na+}} channel {{c2::inactivation}}
Published	05/13/2024	Topiramate increases GABA action via allosterically binding to the {{c1::GABAA}} receptor
Published	05/13/2024	What type(s) of seizures (partial, tonic-clonic, or absence) may be treated with lamotrigine?{{c1::All three (partial, tonic-clonic, absence)}}
Published	05/13/2024	Levetiracetam is a(n) {{c1::broad}} spectrum anti-epileptic
Published	05/13/2024	What type(s) of seizures (partial, tonic-clonic, or absence) may be treated with levetiracetam?{{c1::Partial and tonic-clonic}}
Published	05/13/2024	What type(s) of seizures (partial, tonic-clonic, or absence) may be treated with carbamazepine?{{c1::Partial and tonic-clonic}}
Published	05/13/2024	Is carbamazepine use associated with teratogenic effects?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	05/13/2024	Phenytoin is a(n) {{c1::narrow}} spectrum anti-epileptic
Published	05/13/2024	Phenytoin exerts its effects by blocking {{c1::Na+}} channels
Published	05/13/2024	Gabapentin is a(n) {{c1::narrow}} spectrum anti-epileptic
Published	05/13/2024	{{c2::Gabapentin}} is an anti-epileptic that exerts its effects by blocking voltage-gated {{c1::Ca2+}} channels
Published	05/13/2024	What type(s) of seizures (partial, tonic-clonic, or absence) may be treated with gabapentin?{{c1::Partial}}
Published	05/13/2024	Vigabatrin is an anti-epileptic that exerts its effects via inhibition of the enzyme {{c1::GABA transaminase}}
Published	05/13/2024	What type(s) of seizures (partial, tonic-clonic, or absence) may be treated with vigabatrin and tiagabine?{{c1::Partial}}
Published	05/13/2024	{{c2::Ethosuximide}} is the first line treatment for {{c1::absence seizures}}
Published	05/13/2024	Ethosuximide exerts its effects by blocking {{c1::T-type Ca2+::specific}} channels in the {{c2::thalamus}}
Published	05/13/2024	In addition to ethosuximide, absence seizures may also be treated with {{c1::valproic acid}} and {{c2::lamotrigine}}
Published	05/13/2024	Narcolepsy is caused by decreased {{c1::hypocretin (orexin)}} production in the {{c2::lateral}} hypothalamus
Published	05/13/2024	Narcolepsy is associated with {{c1::hallucinations}} (e.g. hypnagogic and hypnopompic)
Published	05/13/2024	Narcolepsy is characterized by nocturnal and narcoleptic sleep episodes that start with {{c1::REM}} sleep (sleep paralysis)
Published	05/13/2024	{{c2::Narcolepsy}} is associated with {{c1::cataplexy}}, which is the loss of all muscle tone following a strong emotional stimulus (e.g. laughter)
Published	05/13/2024	Does narcolepsy have a strong or weak genetic component? {{c1::Strong}}
Published	05/13/2024	What is the first-line pharmacotherapy for narcolepsy?{{c1::Modafinil (non-amphetamine stimulant)}}
Published	05/13/2024	{{c2::Roseola}} is the most common cause of {{c1::febrile seizures}} in children
Published	05/13/2024	{{c1::Febrile}} seizures are the most common neurological disorder affecting children
Published	05/13/2024	Are children who experience febrile seizures at a high risk of developing epilepsy?{{c1::No}}
Published	05/13/2024	When treating febrile seizures, is supportive care or active cooling primarily indicated?{{c1::Supportive care}}
Published	05/13/2024	Absence seizures are characteristically provoked by {{c1::hyperventilation}}
Published	05/13/2024	Seizures can occur secondary to low blood {{c1::sugar}}
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