Notes in L27 - Lipoprotein Biochemistry

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Published	11/02/2024	What does ApoB-100 bind?{{c1::LDL receptors}}
Published	11/02/2024	What liver enzyme is responsible for cholesterol storage?{{c1::ACAT (acyl-cholesterol acyltransferase) }}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::LDL-C}} is the labratory measurement of circulating LDL particles.
Published	11/02/2024	LCAT esterifies HDL cholesterol using {{c1::phosphatidylcholine}} obtained from {{c1::extrahepatic tissues}} via {{c1::ABCA1 channels}}
Published	11/02/2024	Mature HDLs deliver cholesterol to the liver via the {{c1::SRB1}} protein
Published	11/02/2024	Lipoprotein (a) is an {{c1::LDL}} analogue that contains Apo(s) {{c1::B100 and (a)}} and ha been heavily correlated with CVD
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::lipoproteins}} are vesicles that transport lipids for storage and utilization within the body
Published	11/02/2024	lipoprotein structure:{{c1::outer core: single layer of phospholipids and cholesterol}}{{c1::inner core: TAGs and cholesterol esters}}{{c1::apolipopro…
Published	11/02/2024	VLDLs function to {{c1::deliver endogenously synthesized (from the liver) fatty acids}}
Published	11/02/2024	LDLs function to {{c1::deliver cholesterol to tissues }} and are known as "{{c1::bad cholesterol}}"
Published	11/02/2024	HDLs function to {{c1::return excess cholesterol from tissues to the liver}} and are known as "{{c1::good cholesterol}}"
Published	11/02/2024	in addition to Apo-B48, mature chylomicrons contain {{c1::Apo-CII}} which interacts with {{c2::lipoprotein lipase (LPL)}} on the surface of {{c2::endo…
Published	11/02/2024	the interaction between LPL and Apo-CII activates {{c1::LPL}}, which then degrades {{c1::triacylglycerols}} within the chylomicron, releasing {{c1::fa…
Published	11/02/2024	where in the body are LPL levels the highest?{{c1::skeletal musclecardiac muscleadipose tissue}}
Published	11/02/2024	insulin selectively {{c2::induces}} LPL expression in {{c1::adipose tissue}} while {{c2::inhibiting}} LPL expression in {{c1::muscle}}
Published	11/02/2024	in fasting conditions, LPL expression in muscle {{c1::increases}} and {{c1::decreases}} in adipocytes
Published	11/02/2024	an increase in LPL expression in muscles promotes {{c1::the uptake of fatty acids from liver VLDL, which also contains Apo-CII,}} for use by the muscl…
Published	11/02/2024	LPL degrades {{c1::90%}} of the triacylglycerol in the chylomicron, and the remaining {{c1::10}}% becomes a {{c1::chylomicron remnant}}
Published	11/02/2024	chylomicron remnants are internalized by the {{c1::liver}} through the binding of {{c2::Apo-E}} to {{c2::Apo-E receptors}} allowing the remaining comp…
Published	11/02/2024	VLDL is created by adding {{c1::lipids}} to {{c1::Apo-B100}}
Published	11/02/2024	Apo-B48 and Apo-B100 are made from the same gene. Apo-B48 {{c1::constitutes 48% of the protein}} whereas Apo-B100 {{c1::is the full length protein}}
Published	11/02/2024	VLDL also contains {{c1::Apo-CII}}, allowing for the degradation of TAGs and delivery of fatty acids
Published	11/02/2024	VLDL {{c1::shrinks}} as it delivers FAs to tissues and organs, producing {{c1::intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) }}
Published	11/02/2024	most IDL is metabolized to {{c1::LDL}}, but a portion can be taken up by the liver due to the presence of {{c1::ApoE}}
Published	11/02/2024	as IDL shrinks by delivering fatty acids to tissues/organs, it loses {{c1::Apo-CII}} and {{c1::Apo-E}} but retains {{c1::Apo-B100}} and becomes LDL
Published	11/02/2024	LDL contains {{c1::cholesterol esters}} that it delivers to cells through {{c1::LDL receptor mediated endocytosis}}
Published	11/02/2024	in LDL receptor mediated endocytosis, {{c1::Apo-B100}} binds {{c1::LDL receptor (LDLR)}} on the surface of cells, causing {{c1::clathrin}} to form an …
Published	11/02/2024	as LDL is brought into cells, the {{c1::clathrin}} and {{c1::LDLR}} are recycled back to the plasma membrane
Published	11/02/2024	once cholesterol is brough into cells, it can be {{c1::utilized by the cell}} or {{c1::stored as cholesterol esters}}
Published	11/02/2024	hypercholesterolemia results from mutations in {{c1::LDLR}} or {{c1::Apo-B100}}
Published	11/02/2024	HDL is synthesized in the {{c1::liver}} and contains {{c1::phospholipds}} and {{c1::Apo-A1}}
Published	11/02/2024	when {{c1::ABCA1 (a cholesterol transporter)}} binds to {{c1::Apo-A1,}} {{c2::cholesterol}} and {{c2::phosphatidylcholine}} are transported into the g…
Published	11/02/2024	as HDL takes up cholesterol from cells, the cholesterol is progressively {{c1::esterified}}, which allows them to be {{c1::transported}} or {{c1::stor…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::hepatic lipase}} metabolizes a portion of the TAGs and glycerophospholipids in HDL
Published	11/02/2024	tangier's disease results from a {{c1::defect in ABCA1}}, resulting in a buildup of {{c1::cholesterol}} is tissues, organs, and blood
Published	11/02/2024	HDL can transfer Apo-E and Apo-CII to {{c1::newly synthesized chylomicrons}}
Published	11/02/2024	CETP (cholesterol ester transfer protein) transfers {{c1::cholesterol esters}} from {{c2::HDL}} to {{c2::VLDL}} and transfers {{c1::triacylglycerol}} …
Published	11/02/2024	conditions such as {{c1::diabetes}} can alter CETP activity
Published	11/02/2024	high LDL levels are associated with cardiovascular conditions such as {{c1::atherosclerosis}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::lipoprotein (a)}} is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease
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