Notes in 04UrinalysisMicro

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Published	07/30/2024	After removing the supernant of the centrifuged urine, there should be {{c1::0.5–1.0}} mL of sediment left for microscopy
Published	07/30/2024	Most common microscopic method for microscopic urinalysis{{c1::Brightfield microscopy}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal RBC count in microscopic urinalysis{{c1::0–2 per hpf}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal WBC count in microscopic urinalysis{{c1::0–5 per hpf}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal hyaline casts count in microscopic urinalysis{{c1::0–2 per hpf}}
Published	07/30/2024	RBCs in normal urine appear as {{c1::colorless disks}} in a hpf
Published	07/30/2024	In dilute urine, RBCs as a nonpathologic "{{c1::ghost cell"}}
Published	07/30/2024	What is used to lyse RBCs in urine for to leave only yeasts, WBCs, and oil droplets{{c1::Dilute acetic acid}}
Published	07/30/2024	High levels of {{c1::dysmorphic}} RBCs in hpf are indicative of {{c2::glomerular damage}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the consituent of urine sediment{{c1::Normal RBCs}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the consituent of urine sediment{{c1::Microcytic and crenated RBCs}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the consituent of urine sediment{{c1::Dysmorphic RBCs}}
Published	07/30/2024	Nonbacterial pyuria may arise from {{c1::glomerulonephritis}}, {{c1::SLE}}, and {{c1::tumors}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Glitter cells}} are sparkling, swollen WBCs due to the {{c2::Brownian movement}} of granules in a {{c3::hypotonic alkaline::tonicity + pH}} urin…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Eosinophils}} in urine may indicate {{c2::drug-induced nephritis}}, renal transplant rejection, or allergic reactions.
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the consituent of urine sediment{{c1::WBCs}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the consituent of urine sediment{{c1::WBCs}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the consituent of urine sediment{{c1::Glitter Cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	Squamous epithelial cells in urine have a large cytoplasm with a prominent {{c1::central}} nucleus
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Clue cells}} are vaginal squamous epithileal cells in urine covered with {{c2::Gardnerella vaginalis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the consituent of urine sediment{{c1::Squamous epithelial cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	Transitional epithelial cells are {{c1::spherical/polyhedral/caudate}} shaped
Published	07/30/2024	Large numbers of transitional epithelial cells in urine with vacuoles and irregular nuclei may indicate {{c1::renal carcinoma}} or {{c1::viral in…
Published	07/30/2024	Increased number of transitional epithelial cells may be due to {{c1::catheteriziation}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the consituent of urine sediment{{c1::Transitional Epithelial Cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the consituent of urine sediment{{c1::Transitional epithelial cells (spherical)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the consituent of urine sediment{{c1::Transitional epithelial cells (caudate)}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Renal tubular epithelial}} cells in urine vary in size, shape, and granulation but have an {{c1::eccentric}} nuclei possibly bilirubin-stai…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::>5}} RTE cells per hpf may indicate tubular injury
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Bubble cells}} are RTE cells in urine with non-lipid filled vacuoules. They may indicate {{c2::renal tubular necrosis}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Oval fat bodies}} are RTE cells in urine with highly refractile lipid droplets. They may indicate {{c2::nephrotic syndrome}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the consituent of urine sediment{{c1::RTE cells from DCT}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the consituent of urine sediment{{c1::RTE cells from collecting duct}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the consituent of urine sediment{{c1::Oval Fat Body}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the consituent of urine sediment{{c1::Oval Fat Body in Bright Field (Left) and Polarized (Right)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Bacteria in urine may resemble {{c1::amorphous phosphates/urates}} but is distinguished by their {{c2::motility}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the consituent of urine sediment{{c1::Bacilli (UTI)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the consituent of urine sediment{{c1::Bacilli + WBCs (UTI)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the consituent of urine sediment{{c1::Budding Yeast}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the consituent of urine sediment{{c1::Yeast showing mycelial forms}}
Published	07/30/2024	What is the most common parasite in urine specimens?{{c1::Tricohomonas vaginalis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the consituent of urine sediment{{c1::Trichomonas vaginalis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the consituent of urine sediment{{c1::Schistosoma haematobium ova}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the consituent of urine sediment{{c1::Enterobius vermicularis ova)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Are sperm in urine motile or immotile?{{c1::immotile}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the consituent of urine sediment{{c1::Spermatozoa}}
Published	07/30/2024	Mucus in urine are produced by {{c1::renal tubular epithelial}} cells and urogenital glands
Published	07/30/2024	Mucus in urine resembles {{c1::hyaline casts}} but may be distinguished by {{c2::mucus threads}} under {{c2::reduced}} light
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cylinduria}} refers to the presence of casts in the urine
Published	07/30/2024	Casts in urine are formed within the lumen of the {{c1::DCT}} and {{c1::collecting duct}}
Published	07/30/2024	What is the most commonly seen cast?{{c1::Hyaline cast}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal count of hyaline cast{{c1::0–2 per hpf}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Granular}} casts can be seen with degreadation hyaline casts following stress or exercise
Published	07/30/2024	Urine crystal formation is altered by {{c1::temperature}}, {{c1::pH}}, and {{c1::urine concentration}}
Published	07/30/2024	Clinically significant crystals are either in {{c1::acidic::pH}} or {{c1::neutral::pH}} urine.
Published	07/30/2024	What crystal in acidic urine* is {{c2::octahedral::shape}} (envelope-like) in shape and is color{{c3::less::less/ful}}?{{c1::…
Published	07/30/2024	What crystal in acidic urine* is {{c2::oval (dumbbell)::shape}} in shape and is color{{c3::less::less/ful}}?{{c1::Calcium oxa…
Published	07/30/2024	What crystal in alkaline urine is shaped like spheres with {{c2::projections}} and is yellow-to-brown in color?{{c1::Ammonium…
Published	07/30/2024	What crystal in alkaline urine is {{c2::spherical (dumbbell)::shape}} and is colorless?{{c1::Calcium carbonate}}
Published	07/30/2024	What crystal in acidic urine is shaped like (bundles of) neeldes and is colorless?{{c1::Ampicillin}}
Published	07/30/2024	What artifact resembles RBCs or fat droplets (in polarized light) in urine?{{c1::Starch granules}}*bonus: how to differentiate?
Published	07/30/2024	What artifact from placing slide preparation (cover slip placement) may resemble RBCs in urine?{{c1::Air bubbles}}
Published	07/30/2024	What artifact from contamination appears as plant or meat fibers or amorphous brown material?{{c1::Fecal contamination}}
Published	07/30/2024	What staining technique is used to visualize eosinophils in urine?{{c1::Hansel staining}}
Published	07/30/2024	Squamous Epithelial cells in urine are reported {{c1::qualitively per low power field}}
Published	07/30/2024	RBCs, WBCs, and {{c2::RTE}} cells in urine are reported as the average count per {{c1::10 high power fields}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::WBCs}} and {{c2::spherical}} transitional epithelial cells in urine may resemble {{c1::renal tubular epithelial cells}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Presence of hyaline cast in urine increases with {{c1::dehydration}}, exercise, heat, and emotional stress
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hyaline}} cast in urine is colorless and cylindoird (parallel sides with rounded ends)?
Published	07/30/2024	A cast is distinguished from clumps of cells by the presence of a {{c1::matrix}}
Published	07/30/2024	RBC casts in urine is red and contains {{c1::Hb}} and {{c1::intact}} RBCs
Published	07/30/2024	WBC casts in urine primarily contain {{c1::neutrophils}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Epithelial}} casts and {{c1::bacterial}} casts may accompany WBC casts in cases of pyelonephritis
Published	07/30/2024	Bacterial casts resemble {{c1::granular}} casts
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Epithelial}} casts may be seen in {{c1::advanced renal tubular damage}} (e.g., due to heavy metals, chemicals, drug toxicity, viral infection, o…
Published	07/30/2024	Granular casts may result from glomerular precipitants like cellular casts or {{c1::protein}} aggregates
Published	07/30/2024	Granular casts Finely granular - {{c1::gray/pale yellow}} colorCoarsely granular - {{c1::black}} color
Published	07/30/2024	Lipiduria is indicated by {{c1::oval fat bodies}} and/or {{c1::fatty casts in urine}} that forms {{c2::Maltese cross formation*}} under polarized ligh…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Waxy}} casts in urine are highly refractice yellow casts wich can have cracks on the side with granules adhereing to the {{c1::matrix}}
Published	07/30/2024	Waxy casts occur due to significant {{c1::urine stasis}} from chronic renal failure
Published	07/30/2024	Broad casts in urine occur due to {{c1::anuria (e.g., renal failure)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Broad bile-stained waxy casts may form due to tubular necrosis secondary to {{c1::viral hepatitis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most common casts in urine that may form broad casts{{c1::1. Granular cast2. Waxy cast::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which crystals form in alkaline urine? {{c1::1. Amorphous phosphates2. Calcium phosphate3. Triple phosphate4. Ammonium Biurate5. Calcium…
Published	07/30/2024	What crystal in acidic urine is {{c2::pleomorphic*::shape}} and is yellow-to-brown in color?{{c1::Uric acid}}
Published	07/30/2024	What crystal in alkaline urine is shaped like a {{c2::coffin lid::shape}} (3–6 sided prism) and is colorless?{{c1::Tripl…
Published	07/30/2024	What crystal in alkaline/neutral urine is shaped like {{c2::thin prisms}} in a rosette and is colorless?{{c1::Calcium phospha…
Published	07/30/2024	What crystal in acidic urine is {{c2::hexagonal::shape}} and is colorless?{{c1::Cystine}}
Published	07/30/2024	What crystal in acidic urine is flat and {{c2::rectangular::shape}} with {{c2::notches}} in the corner and is …
Published	07/30/2024	What crystal in acidic urine is {{c2::oily}}-looking spheres with concentric circles and radial stiations and is yellow-to-brown i…
Published	07/30/2024	Amorphous urates may appear pink due to the presence of {{c1::uroerythin}}
Published	07/30/2024	Amorphous urates dissolve in alkaline pH and by {{c1::heating (at 60°)}}
Published	07/30/2024	What inborn error of metabolism is associated with increased uric acid crystals?{{c1::Lesch-Nyhan syndrome}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ingestion of ethylene glycol may cause calcium oxalate crystals in its {{c1::monohydrate}} form
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Calcium oxalate}} crystals may be seen in vitamin {{c1::C}} abuse
Published	07/30/2024	Armophous phosphates dissolve in {{c1::acetic acid}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Triple Phosphate (ammonium magnesium phosphate), Calcium Oxalate, Calcium Phosphate}} crystals make "{{c2::staghorn}}" calculi
Published	07/30/2024	What crystal is most commonly seen in old urine samples?{{c1::Ammonium biurate}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ammonium biurate}} crystals are converted into {{c2::uric acid}} crystals when dissolved in acetic acid at 60°
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Calcium carbonate}} may resemble amorphous material but are distinguished by {{c2::gas formation}} upon addition of acetic acid
Published	07/30/2024	Diagnosis of cystinuria: {{c1::cyanide-nitroprusside test}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cholesterol crystals in urine is seen most commonly after {{c1::refrigeration}} of urine sample
Published	07/30/2024	What amino acid crystals may be seen in urine due to severe liver disease{{c1::Tyrosine crystals, Leucine crystals}}
Published	07/30/2024	What self-cell found in the urine is the largest{{c1::Squamous epithelial cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	Bacteria, yeasts, parasites, and mucus in urine are reported {{c1::qualitatively per high power field}}
Published	07/30/2024	What is major constituent of casts in urine?{{c1::uromodulin (THP)}}
Published	07/30/2024	RBCs in urine may resemble {{c1::yeast cells}}, {{c1::starch granules*}}, {{c1::oil droplets}}, or {{c1::air bubbles}}
Published	07/30/2024	What is the predominant leukocyte found in urine?{{c1::neutrophils}}
Published	07/30/2024	Squamous epithelial cells in urine may resemble {{c1::casts}}
Published	07/30/2024	Yeasts can be distinguied from RBCs by {{c1::budding yeast forms}}
Published	07/30/2024	What crystal in acidic urine is shaped like rosettes or wedges and is yellow-to-brown* in color?{{c1::Amorphous urates}}
Published	07/30/2024	What crystal in alkaline/neutral urine is shaped like rosettes or wedges and is colorless*?{{c1::Amorphous phosphates}}
Published	07/30/2024	What crystal in acidic urine is shaped like rosettes and is colorless to yellow?{{c1::Tyrosine}}
Published	07/30/2024	What crystal in acidic urine is shaped like clumped needles/granules and is yellow-to-brown in color?{{c1::Bilirubin}}
Published	07/30/2024	What crystal in acidic urine is shaped like rossetes of neadles or sheaves of wheat and is colorless to yellow brown in color…
Published	07/30/2024	What artifact from immersion oils, lotions, and creams may resemble RBCs in urine (brightfield)?{{c1::Oil droplets}}
Published	07/30/2024	What artifact are seasonal contaminants that appear as spheres with a cell wall and (occasional) concentic circles?{{c1::Pollen grains}…
Published	07/30/2024	What artifact from clothing and diapers resemble casts?{{c1::Fiber}}*bonus: how to differentiate
Published	07/30/2024	Cast are formed elements in the urine unique only to the {{c1::kidneys}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Waxy}} casts are seen with degradation of granular casts
Published	07/30/2024	Finding RBC casts raises the suspicion for {{c1::poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis}}
Published	07/30/2024	You will find squamous epithelial cells on the {{c1::side::area}} of the cover slip
Published	07/30/2024	Abundance of squamous cells indicate the sample {{c1::has not been collected properly by the clean-catch method}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Bubble (RTE)}} cells are associated with dilation of {{c1::endoplasmic reticulum}} before the death of injured cells
Published	07/30/2024	RTEs from the {{c1::PCT}} are more coarsely granulated
Published	07/30/2024	WBC casts will indicate {{c1::pyelonephritis::UTI}}
Published	07/30/2024	To distinguish RTE cells and WBCs, perform {{c1::supravital staining}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Triglyceride and neutral fats::2}} stain orange with fat stains
Published	07/30/2024	Sternheimer-Malbin stains do not stain {{c1::fats}}
Published	07/30/2024	Those undergoing chemotherapy will find {{c1::uric acid}} crystals in their urine
Published	07/30/2024	Urine crystals linked to UTI are {{c1::Triple Phosphate (Ammonium Magnesium Phosphate) or Ammonium Biurate}}
Published	07/30/2024	Individuals with severe liver disease, one may see {{c1::tyrosine}}, {{c1::leucine}} and {{c1::bilirubin}} crystals
Published	07/30/2024	Casts may contain {{c1::bilirubin}} crystals in cases of {{c2::viral hepatitis}} when there is renal tubular damage
Published	07/30/2024	Aside from cholesterol, {{c1::starch granules}} may also cause maltese cross formation
Published	07/30/2024	In general, casts {{c1::do not::do not/ do}} polarize except for {{c2::fatty}} casts
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