Notes in CBB 19 & 20 JOEY ENZYMES

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Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::Active}} sites are the specific regions on an enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction occurs.
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::Substrates}} are the molecules upon which enzymes act, and products are what result from the enzymatic reaction.
Published	09/14/2024	{{c2::Catalytic}} efficiency refers to how quickly an enzyme can convert a substrate into a product.{{c2::Catalytic}} efficiency is often expressed as…
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::kcat}} represents the number of substrate molecules converted into product per enzyme molecule per unit of time when the enzyme is fully saturat…
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::Km}} is the substrate concentration at which the reaction velocity is half of {{c2::Vmax}}High affinity ({{c2::low Km}}) means the enzyme can ef…
Published	09/14/2024	Enzymes are highly {{c1::specific}}, meaning they typically bind to one specific substrate or a group of similar substrates.
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::Holoenzymes}} are active enzymes that include their necessary cofactors, while {{c1::apoenzymes}} are the protein portion of the enzyme without …
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::Cofactors}} are non-protein molecules that assist enzymes during the catalysis of reactions.{{c2::Coenzymes}} are a type of {{c1::cofactor}} tha…
Published	09/14/2024	Enzymes work by lowering the {{c1::activation}} energy needed for a reaction to proceed, thereby increasing the reaction rate. They achieve this by st…
Published	09/14/2024	As substrate concentration increases, the reaction velocity {{c1::increases}} until the enzyme becomes saturated, at which point the velocity plateaus…
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::Temperature}} increases the reaction rate by providing more kinetic energy to the molecules, but beyond the optimal {{c1::temperature}}, enzymes…
Published	09/14/2024	pH affects the ionization of the {{c1::active}} site and the substrate; each enzyme has an optimal pH range within which it is most active. Deviations…
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2431:top=.0473:width=.509:height=.1461:oi=1}}
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:polygon:left=.6419:top=.1346:points=.6428,.2642 .7749,.1356 .827,.1862 .6788,.3169:oi=1}}
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1509:top=.0429:width=.7799:height=.1792:oi=1}}
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:polygon:left=.7416:top=.2021:points=.7425,.2916 .8594,.2031 .909,.2495 .7782,.3422:oi=1}}
Published	09/14/2024	In {{c2::competitive}} inhibition, the inhibitor physcially interferes/fights with the substrate for binding to the enzyme's {{c1::active site}}. Both…
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::Noncompetitive}} inhibitors bind to a site other than the enzyme's active site, called an {{c2::allosteric}} site. This binding changes the enzy…
Published	09/14/2024	When the substrate itself acts as an allosteric regulator, this is known as a {{c2::homotropic}} effector.In enzymes with multiple subunits, bind…
Published	09/14/2024	When the allosteric regulator is different from the substrate, it is termed a {{c1::heterotropic}} effector. These effectors can either activate …
Published	09/14/2024	Allosteric Regulation:Negative Effectors:Decrease {{c1::Vmax}}Increase {{c1::Km}}Positive Effectors:Decrease {{c1::Km}}Increase {{c1::Vmax}}
Published	09/14/2024	When cells are damaged and undergo lysis, intracellular enzymes are released into the {{c1::blood}}
Published	09/14/2024	If {{c1::ALT (liver enzyme)}} is found in the blood, we can determine that there is liver damage
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