Notes in CBB21 Cell signaling 2

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Published	09/14/2024	Receptor tyrosine kinase Pathways: generalCatalytic Receptor {{c1::kinases}} •are {{c2::monomeric}} transmembrane proteins • with tyrosine kinase acti…
Published	09/14/2024	Receptor tyrosine kinase Pathways: RTK ActivationoLigand binding induces {{c1::dimerization}}:        - two single-chai…
Published	09/14/2024	Receptor tyrosine kinase Pathways: Adaptor protein of RTK activation•In some cases adaptor protein are involved. •adaptor proteins contain both {…
Published	09/14/2024	Receptor tyrosine kinase Pathways: EGFR signalingActivated EGFR can send signal thorugh 4 pathways:o{{c1::RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK}} pathway o{{c2::PI 3 kinase…
Published	09/14/2024	Receptor tyrosine kinase Pathways: EGFR signaling--> RAS pathwayA.Upon ligand binding and receptors  {{c1::autophosphorylation}},   &nbs…
Published	09/14/2024	Receptor tyrosine kinase Pathways: EGFR signaling--> RAS pathwayoRas is “ON” when bound to {{c1::GTP}} oRas is “OFF” when bound to {{c1::GDP}} oR…
Published	09/14/2024	Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Pathways: EGFR Signaling → RAS Pathway Clinical CorrelateMutations leading to constitutive activation of Ras proteins result …
Published	09/14/2024	Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Pathways: EGFR Signaling → RAS Pathway Clinical CorrelateClinically, the most notable members of the Ras subfamily are: {{c1:…
Published	09/14/2024	Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Pathways: EGFR Signaling → RAS Pathway Clinical CorrelateNeurofibromatosis Type {{c2::I}} ({{c3::von Recklinghausen disease}}…
Published	09/14/2024	Receptor tyrosine kinase Pathways: EGFR signaling-->PI3 Kinase Pathway1.Upon binding of the ligand to receptor, PI3 kinase (PI3K) protein binds to …
Published	09/14/2024	Receptor tyrosine kinase Pathways: EGFR signaling-->PI3 Kinase PathwayTermination of PI3K signal: oTo terminate the signal, {{c1::PTEN}} an inosit…
Published	09/14/2024	Receptor tyrosine kinase Pathways: EGFR signaling-->PI3 Kinase Pathway clinical correlateo Mutations leading to loss of PTEN activity result in con…
Published	09/14/2024	Receptor tyrosine kinase Pathways: EGFR signaling-->STAT PathwayoSTAT proteins are transcription factor that mediate many aspects of cellular …
Published	09/14/2024	Receptor tyrosine kinase Pathways: EGFR signaling-->STAT Pathway1.Upon ligand-mediated activation of receptor,  STAT protein binds to {{c1::ph…
Published	09/14/2024	Receptor tyrosine kinase Pathways: EGFR signaling-->JAK-STAT Pathway1.Binding of the {{c1::ligand}} to the {{c1::receptor}} (cytokines, hormones) c…
Published	09/14/2024	Receptor tyrosine kinase Pathways: EGFR signaling-->JAK-STAT Pathway clinical correlateoDisrupted/deregulated JAK-STAT cascade is associated with {…
Published	09/14/2024	Receptor tyrosine kinase Pathways: Insulin signaling•Insulin binding causes {{c1::RTK}} activation and {{c1::autophosphorylation}} •Activated RTK phos…
Published	09/14/2024	Receptor tyrosine kinase Pathways: Insulin signaling clinical correlateo In {{c1::type 2 diabetes}} •An insulin-resistant {{c2::myocyte}} exhibit…
Published	09/14/2024	Steroid Receptor Signaling Pathways: receptors•are intracellular located in the {{c1::cytoplasm}} or in the {{c1::nucleus}} of target cells. •act as…
Published	09/14/2024	Steroid Receptor Signaling Pathways: forms1. The classical nuclear-initiated steroid signaling ({{c1::NISS}}). •take {{c2::minutes, hours, or days}} f…
Published	09/14/2024	Steroid Receptor Signaling Pathways: in absence of hormone•{{c1::Estrogen}} and {{c1::progesterone}} receptors are principally located in the {{c2::nu…
Published	09/14/2024	Steroid Receptor Signaling Pathways: steroid hormonesoAll steroid hormones are synthesized from a common precursor ({{c1::cholesterol}}) oThey are syn…
Published	09/14/2024	Steroid Receptor Signaling Pathways: overview•Released steroid hormone travels in the {{c1::blood}} to {{c1::target}} cells. •it crosses the {{c2::cel…
Published	09/14/2024	Steroid Receptor Signaling Pathways: Estrogen1.Estrogens are transported from their original site of production (most commonly ovaries) into the blood…
Published	09/14/2024	Steroid Receptor Signaling Pathways: Estrogen clinical significanceHormone Receptor Antagonists as Cancer Therapies: oThese are drugs bind to the spec…
Published	09/14/2024	Gαq ↑ = PLC {{c1::↑}} = DAG and IP3 {{c1::↑}} (PIP2 {{c1::↓}})= intracellular calcium {{c1::↑}} = PKC {{c1::↑}} andactive Calmodulin {{c1::↑}} = phosp…
Published	09/14/2024	Gαs ↑ = Adenylyl cyclase {{c1::↑}} = cAMP {{c1::↑}}= PKA {{c1::↑}} = phosphorylation of target proteins {{c1::↑}}
Published	09/14/2024	Gαi ↑ = Adenylyl cyclase {{c1::↓}} = cAMP {{c1::↓}}= PKA {{c1::↓}} = phosphorylation of target proteins {{c1::↓}}
Published	09/14/2024	Insulin ↑ = Insulin receptor {{c1::activation}}= IRS1 {{c1::activation}}= PI3K {{c1::activation}}= PIP3 {{c1::↑}} = Akt (PKB) {{c1::↑}}= Glycogen synt…
Published	09/14/2024	EGF ↑ = EGFR (RTK) {{c1::activation}}= Grb2 and SOS {{c1::binding}}= Ras {{c1::activation}}= RAF (MAPKKK) {{c1::activation}}= MEK (MAPKK) {{c1::activa…
Published	09/14/2024	Cytokine ↑ = Cytokine receptor (RTK) {{c1::activation}}= JAK {{c1::activation}}= STAT {{c1::phosphorylation}}= STAT {{c1::↑}} (translocates to nucleus…
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