Notes in 02ObsStudies

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Published	07/30/2024	Two main variables main variables of concern for clinical research: the {{c1::exposure}} and {{c1::outcome}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::research question}} is the uncertainty that the investigators want to resolve by performing a study.
Published	07/30/2024	General Approach for AnalysisControl over VariablesResearch GoalsThe way included subjects are identifiedThe timing of the measurementsThe type of Dat…
Published	07/30/2024	[Research Classification]What are the 2 general appraoches for analysis{{c1::Qualitative and Quantitative}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Research Classification]How can researches be classified under control over variables?{{c1::Observational and Experimental}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Research Classification]Observational researches may take up either of two goals{{c1::Descriptive and Analytical}}
Published	07/30/2024	DescriptionCausationAttributionMediationInteractionPrediction
Published	07/30/2024	This research goal makes a simple summary of observation{{c1::Description}}
Published	07/30/2024	This research goal answers the question: How frequent are exposures/ predictors/ outcomes?{{c1::Description}}
Published	07/30/2024	This research goal makes no attempt to make a connection between the predictor and the outcome{{c1::Description}}
Published	07/30/2024	This research goal is the Hardest goal to prove as it requires isolation of all contributing variables to an outcome{{c1::Causation}}
Published	07/30/2024	This research goal answers the question: Does X cause y?{{c1::Causation}}
Published	07/30/2024	This research goal is the understanding of the mechanisms of causation{{c1::Mediation}}
Published	07/30/2024	This research goal answers the question: How does X cause Y?{{c1::Mediation}}
Published	07/30/2024	This research goal looks for the special occasion where a predictor can bring about an outcome.{{c1::Interaction}}
Published	07/30/2024	This research goal answers the question: When and Whom Does X Cause Y?{{c1::Interaction}}
Published	07/30/2024	This research goal shows a relationship between two variables but does not try to prove causation{{c1::Attribution}}
Published	07/30/2024	This research goal answers the question: What fraction of disease Y can be eliminated if causal exposure X is eliminated?{{c1::Attribution}}
Published	07/30/2024	This research goal tries to predict something that will happen in the future.{{c1::Prediction}}
Published	07/30/2024	This research goal answers the question: Do A, B and C predict the occurrence of Y.{{c1::Prediction}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Research Classification]What are the 2 ways that researches can identify included subjects{{c1::Cohort studies and Case Control Studies}}
Published	07/30/2024	included subjects are identified with regard to the research goal it aims to do. [T/F]{{c1::F. WITHOUT regard}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Research Classification]What are the two ways researches can be classified according to timing of measurements{{c1::Longitudinal studies and cross-se…
Published	07/30/2024	[Research Classification]What are the two types of data sources{{c1::Primary and secondary}}
Published	07/30/2024	Case ReportCase SeriesEcological StudiesCross-sectional (descriptive)
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of descriptive Study]Review of records of 1-10 subjects{{c1::Case Report}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of descriptive Study]Case report with more than 10 subjects withsimilar condition or disease{{c1::Case Series}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of descriptive Study]Descriptive studies that identify an exposure associated with an outcome{{c1::Ecological Studies}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of descriptive Study]Unit of observation is group and not individual{{c1::Ecological Studies}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of descriptive Study]More commonly referred to as prevalence study{{c1::Cross-sectional (descriptive)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cross-sectionalCase-ControlCohort
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of analytic Study]shows only a portion of a reality of the population of interest{{c1::Cross-sectional studies}}
Published	07/30/2024	In Cross-sectional (analytic) studies, data collection for one person within the study period is only done once [T/F]{{c1::T}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of analytic Study]Starts by identifying and sampling cases, or the individuals with the disease of interest, and, then, sampling appropriate con…
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of analytic Study]Best design to use in investigating causal relationship between an exposure and an outcome{{c1::Cohort Studies}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of analytic Study]Able to capture a sample of not only the composition of the population but also their experiences over time, as we do serial m…
Published	07/30/2024	Two ways that cohort studies are conducted{{c1::Prospective and Retrospective}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of analytic Study]Best used for diseases that are rare as we do not need to wait long before we observe an outcome{{c1::Case-Control Studies}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Error in Estimation]occur by chance{{c1::Random Errors}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Error in Estimation]Result into directional deviations{{c1::Systematic Errors}}
Published	07/30/2024	When we minimize the study’s {{c1::random}} errors, we increase its {{c2::PRECISION}}
Published	07/30/2024	When we minimize a study’s {{c1::systematic}} errors, we increase its {{c2::VALIDITY}}
Published	07/30/2024	2 Types of Errors in Estimation{{c1::Random errorsSystematic errors}}
Published	07/30/2024	Types of Threats to Validity{{c1::Internal ValidityExternal Validity}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Validity]Validity of the inferences for the source population of the study{{c1::Internal Validity}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Validity]Subjected to Confounding, Selection Bias and Information bias{{c1::Internal Validity}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Validity]Validity of inferences pertaining to outside the source population{{c1::External Validity}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Validity]Generalizability of the study{{c1::External Validity}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Internal Validity Bias]Extraneous factors that are responsible for differences in disease frequency between the exposed and unexposed{{c1::Co…
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Internal Validity Bias]Variable {{c2::independently::independently/dependently}} causes the exposure and outcome{{c1::Confounding}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Internal Validity Bias]X and Y share a common cause{{c1::Confounding}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Internal Validity Bias]Occurs when persons in source population have different (unequal) probabilities of being selected for/retained in stud…
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Internal Validity Bias]Occurs when information carried by samples are lost and no longer available for analysis{{c1::Non-response bias/Surviv…
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Internal Validity Bias]Occurs when the data collected relies on patient’s self-reports or recall. More of selective forgetting based on …
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Internal Validity Bias]When analysis is emphasized on an intervention rather than all samples, controls, or groups{{c1::Observer Bias (Inform…
Published	07/30/2024	[Bias Remedy]Refers to how we assign individuals to treatment and placebo groups{{c1::Random Allocation}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Bias Remedy]Aims to ensure relevant characteristics of the participants are more or less similar between the two groups{{c1::Matching}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Bias Remedy]Not concerned with the assignment to treatment or placebo groups, but rather to their inclusion into the study{{c1::Random Sampling}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Bias Remedy]Goal is to ensure that we minimize bias coming from knowing either the treatment assignment or the exposure of the individual{{c1::Blindi…
Published	07/30/2024	[Types of Random Sampling]invite the nth person who walks in or the nth person to occur in the list{{c1::Systematic random}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Types of Random Sampling]first stratify the individuals into certain characteristics (ex. separating male from female) and then randomly sample …
Published	07/30/2024	How can you address confounding errors?{{c1::Random Allocation (experimental studies)Matching}}
Published	07/30/2024	How can you address Selection Bias?{{c1::Random SamplingExert all efforts to reduce drop-outs and lost to follow-ups}}
Published	07/30/2024	How can you address Information Bias?{{c1::Blinding}}
Published	07/30/2024	Analytic research design that starts with...A group of individuals who may be defined just by their location, the time they were recruited, or their w…
Published	07/30/2024	Analytic research design that evaluates...Either exposure or outcome or both{{c1::Cross-sectional}}
Published	07/30/2024	Analytic research design that uses the following as a measure of occurence...Prevalence (exposure or outcome)Odds of disease{{c1::Cross-sectional}}
Published	07/30/2024	Analytic research design that uses the following as a measure of occurence...Proportion ExposedOdds of Exposure{{c1::Case-Control}}
Published	07/30/2024	Analytic research design that uses the following as a measure of occurence...IncidencePrevalence (exposure or outcome){{c1::Cohort}}
Published	07/30/2024	Analytic research design that evaluates...Outcome{{c1::Cohort}}
Published	07/30/2024	Analytic research design that evaluates...Exposure{{c1::Case-Control}}
Published	07/30/2024	Analytic research design that starts with...Known cases and identification of controls{{c1::Case-Control}}
Published	07/30/2024	Analytic research design that starts with...Individuals at risk or individuals without disease at baseline (Exposure status){{c1::Cohort}}
Published	07/30/2024	Data from direct recording in the present{{c1::Prospective Research::Prospective/Retrospective Research}}
Published	07/30/2024	Follows subjects’ treatment or evaluation{{c1::Prospective Research::Prospective/Retrospective Research}}
Published	07/30/2024	Can identify factors that precede given outcomes{{c1::Prospective Research::Prospective/Retrospective Research}}
Published	07/30/2024	Examination of data collected in the past{{c1::Retrospective Research::Prospective/Retrospective Research}}
Published	07/30/2024	What is more reliable, Retrospective or Prospective researches{{c1::Prospective Researches}}
Published	07/30/2024	Follows a cohort of subjects over time{{c1::Longitudinal Research::Longitudinal/Cross-sectional Researches}}
Published	07/30/2024	Performs the repeated measurements at prescribed intervals{{c1::Longitudinal Research::Longitudinal/Cross-sectional Researches}}
Published	07/30/2024	Accumulates data thru intensive documentation of growth and change (magnitude and direction){{c1::Longitudinal Research::Longitudinal/Cross-sectional …
Published	07/30/2024	Allows researchers to describe patterns of change and suggest casual relationships{{c1::Longitudinal Research::Longitudinal/Cross-sectional Researches…
Published	07/30/2024	Stratified group of subjects at one point in time{{c1::Cross-sectional Research::Longitudinal/Cross-sectional Researches}}
Published	07/30/2024	Draws conclusions on a population by comparing the characteristics of those strata{{c1::Cross-sectional Research::Longitudinal/Cross-sectional Researc…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Longitudinal::/LongitudinalCross-sectional}} research internal validity can be threatened by{{c1::Testing effects (due to subjects are tested re…
Published	07/30/2024	Foundation of exploratory study{{c1::Correlation}}
Published	07/30/2024	Measure of the degree of association among variables{{c1::Correlation}}
Published	07/30/2024	Function of covariation in data{{c1::Correlation}}
Published	07/30/2024	Purpose of a correlational study: {{c1::describe the nature of existing relationships among variables}}
Published	07/30/2024	Exploratory studies only measure {{c1::how variables vary with respect to each other}}
Published	07/30/2024	Predict a behavior or response based on the observed relationship between that behavior and other variables{{c1::Predictive correlational study::study…
Published	07/30/2024	In case control studies, groups of individuals are selected based on whether they have the disorder under study.{{c1::Cases}} - Have the disorder{{c1:…
Published	07/30/2024	Assumption of {{c2::Case-Control}} Studies{{c1::differences in exposure history can explain why cases manifest the outcome.}}
Published	07/30/2024	2 types of Case control studies based on selection of cases{{c1::Population-based studyHospital-based study}}
Published	07/30/2024	The researcher selects a group of subjects who do not yet have the outcome of interest and follows them to see if they develop the disorder{{c1::Cohor…
Published	07/30/2024	Called a follow-up study; may be descriptive or analytic{{c1::Cohort Studies::Study}}
Published	07/30/2024	Types of Cohort Studies{{c1::Geographic Cohorts::same community}}{{c1::Birth Cohorts::same generation}}{{c1::Historical Cohorts::same event}}{{c1::Env…
Published	07/30/2024	How do you select subjects for descriptive cohort studies?{{c1::sample must be representative of the target population to which results will be genera…
Published	07/30/2024	How do you select subjects for analytic cohort studies?{{c1::Two groups must be identified: exposed and not exposed.}}
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::research question}} must address a problem or topic of interest within a particular time period
Published	07/30/2024	Primary sources guarantee the truth and accuracy of the report [T/F]{{c1::F. Only ensures that no intervening account has colored the information…
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Criticism]Establishes authenticity of data{{c1::External Criticism}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Criticism]Questions the truth or worth of the material’s content within the context of the research question{{c1::Internal Criticism}}
Published	07/30/2024	designed to document the factors that describe characteristics, behaviors, and conditions of individuals or groups{{c1::Descriptive Research::Type of …
Published	07/30/2024	document nature of existing phenomena; describe how variables change over time{{c1::Descriptive Research::Type of research}}
Published	07/30/2024	involves description of developmental change and the sequencing of behavior in people over time{{c1::Developmental Research::Type of research}}
Published	07/30/2024	characterized by method used to document change: longitudinal (observed over time) vs cross-sectional (observed at a single point in time){{c1::Develo…
Published	07/30/2024	provides invaluable source of information for production of correlational and experimental hypotheses{{c1::Developmental Research::Type of research}}
Published	07/30/2024	done to describe typical or standard values for characteristics of a given population{{c1::Normative Studies::Type of research}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::NORMS}} – usually expressed as an average, or mean, within a range of acceptable values
Published	07/30/2024	Important things to consider when evaluating causality{{c1::Time Sequence::documents the exposure preceding the disease}}{{c2::Strength of the Associa…
Published	07/30/2024	Focuses on the rater and the tool{{c1::Reliability::Reliability/Validity}}
Published	07/30/2024	Development of a new tool{{c1::Validity::Reliability/Validity}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Bias Remedy]Individuals in the study are matched and are analyzed in relation to their partner (ex. by gender){{c1::Matching}}
Status	Last Update	Fields