Notes in 17_CNS

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Published	12/28/2023	What are the 3 general components of the neural tube, and what structures do they form?
Published	12/28/2023	Deficiency of what vitamin is associated with neural tube defects?
Published	12/28/2023	A fetus is delivered with a 'frog-like' appearance. The mother had polyhydramnios during gestation. Diagnosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the key differences/findings between spina bifida occulta, meningocele, and myelomeningocele?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common cause of hydrocephalus in a newborn?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the pathway of CSF from secretion to the subarachnoid space:
Published	12/28/2023	Describe a Dandy-Walker malformation:
Published	12/28/2023	Describe an Arnold-Chiari Type II malformation (3 features):
Published	12/28/2023	What are 2 causes of syringomyelia?
Published	12/28/2023	What spinal roots are commonly associated with syringomyelia?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the pattern of sensory loss in syringomyelia? Why this pattern?
Published	12/28/2023	If a syrinx goes untreated and continues to expand, what 2 parts of the spinal cord may become involved? What symptoms would manifest clinically?&nbsp…
Published	12/28/2023	What part of the spinal cord becomes damaged in poliomyelitis? What symptoms result?
Published	12/28/2023	What is Werdnig-Hoffman disease (don't forget to mention mode of inheritence)?
Published	12/28/2023	What spinal tracts are affected in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? What symptoms ensue?
Published	12/28/2023	What is an early sign of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis?
Published	12/28/2023	Though most cases of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis are sporadic, a mutation in what enzyme is associated with familial cases?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the the mode/mechanism of inheritence of Friedreich Ataxia? What gene/chromosome is affected?
Published	12/28/2023	How does a mutation in the Frataxin gene result in pathology?
Published	12/28/2023	3 clinical features of Friedreich's Ataxia?
Published	12/28/2023	Where are the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order neurons in the spinothalamic tract?
Published	12/28/2023	Where are the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order neurons in the dorsal column-medial lemniscus (DC-ML) pathway?
Published	12/28/2023	Where are the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order neurons in the lateral corticospinal tract?
Published	12/28/2023	Where are the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order neurons in the hypothalamospinal tract (sympathetic input to the face)?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the "leptomeninges"?
Published	12/28/2023	3 most common causes of meningitis in neonates:
Published	12/28/2023	Most common cause of bacterial meningitis in:1) Kids and teens2) Adults/the elderly3) Unvaccinated infants
Published	12/28/2023	Most common cause of viral meningitis?
Published	12/28/2023	Classic triad of meningitis?
Published	12/28/2023	CSF findings for bacterial meningitis?
Published	12/28/2023	Viral meningitis CSF lab findings?
Published	12/28/2023	Fungal meningitis CSF lab findings?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 4 general etiologies of global cerebral ischemia?
Published	12/28/2023	Survival of severe global ischemia with diffuse necrosis leads to what?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 3 regions of the CNS that are highly susceptible to ischemic injury during a global cerebral ischemic event?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the difference between a stroke and a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 3 subtypes of ischemic strokes?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the pathogenesis of a thrombotic stroke. What part of the brain is usually affected?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the pathogensis of an embolic stroke. What kind of stroke is the typical result? What part of the brain is affected?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the pathogenesis of a lacunar stroke:
Published	12/28/2023	In what instances do lacunar strokes manifest as pure motor or pure sensory strokes?
Published	12/28/2023	What changes do you expect to see post-ischemic stroke at:12 hours?24 hours?1-3 days?4-7 days?2-3 weeks?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common cause of intracerebral hemorrhage?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common site of intracerebral hemorrhage?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage?
Published	12/28/2023	3 clinical features of subarachnoid hemorrhage?
Published	12/28/2023	What is a berry aneurysm?
Published	12/28/2023	Berry aneurysms are associated with what two genetic disorders?
Published	12/28/2023	Head trauma can lead to what three pathologies?
Published	12/28/2023	What structures are typically damaged in an epidural hematoma?
Published	12/28/2023	How does an epidural hematoma appear on imaging? How does it differ from a subdural hematoma?
Published	12/28/2023	What structures are usually damaged to cause a subdural hematoma?
Published	12/28/2023	Who is at increased risk for subdural bleeds and why?
Published	12/28/2023	How does a subdural hemorrhage appear on CT? How does it differ from an epidural hematoma?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe a tonsillar herniation and associated complications:
Published	12/28/2023	Describe a subfalcine herniation and associated complication:
Published	12/28/2023	Decribe an uncal herniation. What are the 3 main consequences of such a herniation?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 3 leukodystrophies and what causes each? What are their respective inheritance patterns?
Published	12/28/2023	What HLA type is multiple sclerosis associated with?
Published	12/28/2023	What geographical regions is MS more commonly seen in?
Published	12/28/2023	Lesions due to MS in the following locations will cause what symptoms? Optic nerve:Brainstem:Medial longitudinal fasiculus:Periventricular white …
Published	12/28/2023	By what two modalities is the diagnosis of MS made? What results do you expect to see?
Published	12/28/2023	How is MS acutely and chronically treated?
Published	12/28/2023	What causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy?
Published	12/28/2023	Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) has what etiology? What will histologic examination of the brain reveal?
Published	12/28/2023	What causes central pontine myelinolysis and how does it typically present?
Published	12/28/2023	5 clinical features of Alzheimer disease:
Published	12/28/2023	What two factors contribute to risk of developing Alzheimer's?
Published	12/28/2023	Early-onset Alzheimer's is seen in what two instances?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 4 morphologic features of Alzheimer's?
Published	12/28/2023	Where does Aβ amyloid come from? On which chromosome is its gene?
Published	12/28/2023	Why is there an increased risk of cerebral hemorrhage in Alzheimer's?
Published	12/28/2023	What is tau protein?
Published	12/28/2023	How is Alzheimer's diagnosed?
Published	12/28/2023	What is vascular dementia? What causes it?
Published	12/28/2023	What is Pick disease? What is the defining histological structure?
Published	12/28/2023	What causes Parkinson's disease?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 4 general clinical features of Parkinson's?
Published	12/28/2023	What are Lewy bodies composed of? What conditions would they be seen in?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the cause of Huntington's disease?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 3 clinical symptoms of Huntington's?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the average age of presentation for Huntington's?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the triad of symptoms seen in normal pressure hydrocephalus?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the pathogeneis of prion diseases:
Published	12/28/2023	What are 3 ways in which Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) (not variant CJD) can arise?
Published	12/28/2023	How does variant CJD transmit?
Published	12/28/2023	What is fatal familial insomnia?
Published	12/28/2023	What percentage of brain tumors are primary? What percentage represent metastasis?
Published	12/28/2023	What three tumors most commonly metastasize to the brain?
Published	12/28/2023	Anatomically, where do adult brain tumors typically arise? What about pediatric tumors?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 3 most common adult brain tumors?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the three most common primary brain tumors in children?
Published	12/28/2023	A man is diagnosed with a malignant tumor of astrocytes. MRI reveals a tumor that crosses the corpus callosum ('butterfly lesion'). What is the likely…
Published	12/28/2023	A woman presents to clinic with seizures. Imaging reveals a round mass attached to the dura. What tumor is this? What cell type does it arise from? Wh…
Published	12/28/2023	A woman comes in with hearing loss and vertigo. Imaging revelas a mass at the cerebellopontine angle. What biomarker will this tumor stain positive fo…
Published	12/28/2023	Bilateral acoustic schwannomas are characteristic of what inherited condition?
Published	12/28/2023	A man presents with seizures. Imaging revelas a calcified tumor in the white matter of the frontal lobe. What tumor? What will be seen on histology?&n…
Published	12/28/2023	A child presents with cerebellar symptoms. Imaging reveals a cystic lesion with a mural nodule. What is the diagnosis? What 3 unique histological feat…
Published	12/28/2023	What is the malignant cell in a medulloblastoma?
Published	12/28/2023	What does histological examination of a medulloblastoma reveal (2 features)?
Published	12/28/2023	What does the term "drop metastasis" refer to?
Published	12/28/2023	A child presents with symptoms of hydrocephalus. A mass is found to be obstructing the 4th ventricle. What is this tumor? What is the characteristic h…
Published	12/28/2023	A child presents with bitemporal hemianopsia. A mass is found to be compressing the optic chiasm. The mass possesses tooth-like calcifications. What i…
Published	12/28/2023	This gross specimen displays what pathology?
Published	12/28/2023	This gross speciment shows what pathology?
Published	12/28/2023	What can be seen on this histology specimen taken from the brain?
Published	12/28/2023	Diagnosis?
Published	12/28/2023	Diagnosis?
Published	12/28/2023	Histology specimen taken from the brain - what is this finding?
Published	12/28/2023	Speciment taken from a brain. What can be seen?
Published	12/28/2023	What can be seen in this histology speciment taken from the brain?
Published	12/28/2023	Histology specimen taken from the brain. Diagnosis?
Published	12/28/2023	Diagnosis?
Published	12/28/2023	Histology specimen taken from a brain mass. Diagnosis?
Published	12/28/2023	Specimen taken from a brain mass. Diagnosis?
Published	12/28/2023	Specimen taken from a brain mass. Diagnosis?
Published	12/28/2023	Specimen taken from a brain mass. Diagnosis?
Published	12/28/2023	Specimen taken from a brain mass. Diagnosis?
Published	12/28/2023	Speciment taken from a brain mass. Diagnosis?
Published	12/28/2023	Specimen taken from a brain mass. Diagnosis?
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