Notes in CBB 20 cell adhesion/ECM

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Published	09/14/2024	Basic Tissue Types in the ECMThe ECM contains 4 basic tissue types:{{c1::Epithelial}} – surface tissue that forms sheets functioning in protection, se…
Published	09/14/2024	Extracellular Matrix (ECM) - General InformationA substantial part of tissue volume consists of {{c1::extracellular space}}.This extracellular space i…
Published	09/14/2024	Macromolecules of the ECMThree major categories of macromolecules that make up the ECM:{{c1::Glycosaminoglycans}} (GAGs) and {{c1::proteoglycans}}{{c2…
Published	09/14/2024	Components of Proteoglycans and GAGsProteoglycans:Aggregates of {{c1::GAGs}} and proteins.Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs):Also known as {{c2::mucopolysaccha…
Published	09/14/2024	Proteoglycans and GAGsBecause of their negative charges, GAGs repel each other and attract positively charged {{c1::sodium}} ions complexed with water…
Published	09/14/2024	Proteoglycans and GAGs: StructureA proteoglycan consists of a core protein to which up to {{c1::100}} linear GAG chains are covalently attached.Due to…
Published	09/14/2024	Proteoglycans and GAGs: GAG DegradationAs extracellular molecules, proteoglycans are degraded in {{c1::lysosomes}}.During the degradation process, the…
Published	09/14/2024	Proteoglycans and GAGs: Hunter vs. Hurler SyndromeHurler Syndrome:Is caused by a deficiency in {{c2::α-L-iduronidase}}.Results in the accumulation of …
Published	09/14/2024	Proteoglycans and GAGs: Hunter vs. Hurler SyndromeHunter Syndrome:Is caused by a deficiency in {{c3::iduronate sulfatase}}.Leads to the accumulation o…
Published	09/14/2024	Fibrous Proteins: Collagen - Fibril-Forming CollagensCollagen is the most abundant protein in the human body.{{c1::Fibril-forming}} collagens are a ma…
Published	09/14/2024	Fibrous Proteins: Elastin - Structure and FunctionElastic fibers enable skin, arteries, and lungs to {{c1::stretch}} and {{c1::recoil}} without tearin…
Published	09/14/2024	Fibrous Proteins: ElastinThe lungs are constantly exposed to small amounts of {{c1::elastase}}, an enzyme that degrades elastin. This elastase is rele…
Published	09/14/2024	Fibrous Proteins: ElastinThe most clinically widespread mutation in elastin involves a point mutation (GAG → AAG, {{c1::lysine}} → {{c1::glutamate}}),…
Published	09/14/2024	Fibrous Proteins: Elastin - Marfan SyndromeMarfan Syndrome is most commonly due to a mutation in {{c1::fibrillin-1}}, a key scaffolding protein for el…
Published	09/14/2024	Adhesive Proteins: Fibronectin and LamininAdhesive glycoproteins secreted by cells into the extracellular space.Fibronectin is the principal adhesive …
Published	09/14/2024	Cell Adhesion: Types{{c1::Tight or occluding junctions}} create a physical barrier that seals adjacent cells together and prevents leakage between the…
Published	09/14/2024	Cell Adhesion: Adhesion MoleculesCell adhesion molecules mediate {{c1::cell-to-cell}} and {{c1::cell-to-ECM}} adhesion.These molecules are {{c2::trans…
Published	09/14/2024	Cell Adhesion: CadherinsCadherins are crucial for holding cells together and maintaining the {{c1::integrity}} of a tissue.They contain {{c2::extracel…
Published	09/14/2024	Cell Adhesion: SelectinsSelectins are particularly important in the {{c1::immune system}}, where they mediate the {{c2::white blood cell}} migration t…
Published	09/14/2024	Cell Adhesion: Immunoglobulin SuperfamilyMembers of the immunoglobulin superfamily are named because they share structural characteristics with immuno…
Published	09/14/2024	Cell Adhesion MoleculesIntegrins are adhesion molecules that facilitate cell interactions with other cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM).Can medi…
Published	09/14/2024	Cell Adhesion: IntegrinsThe binding of integrins to their ligands triggers changes in the {{c1::cytoplasmic}} domain, which alters their interaction w…
Published	09/14/2024	Adhesion and Disease: ExtravasationThe process by which a {{c1::leukocyte}} moves from blood into tissue to respond to an infectious agent.Endothelium…
Published	09/14/2024	Adhesion and Disease: ExtravasationThe formation of a {{c1::fatty streak}} follows a similar process as extravasation.{{c2::Monocytes}} bind to injure…
Published	09/14/2024	Adhesion and Disease: Cancer Part 1{{c1::Epithelial-mesenchymal transition}} (EMT) – Occurs when epithelial cells undergo changes in adhesion or polar…
Published	09/14/2024	Adhesion and Disease: Leukocyte Adhesion DeficiencyThis rare immunodeficiency disease is caused by an inherited defect in the {{c1::β2}} subunit of {{…
Published	09/14/2024	Adhesion and Disease: Pemphigus (Part 1)Blisters develop due to a defect in {{c1::cell-to-cell}} adhesion.This condition is caused by {{c2::autoantibo…
Published	09/14/2024	Adhesion and Disease: PemphigusPemphigus is a group of blistering conditions where autoantibodies target proteins of {{c1::hemidesmosomes}}.This immun…
Published	09/14/2024	Adhesion and Disease: AsthmaIn asthma, chronic inflammation leads to constriction of {{c1::airways}} and inflammation of the respiratory mucosa.Increa…
Published	09/14/2024	Adhesion and Disease: Rheumatoid ArthritisRheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease where bone cells may exhibit increased expression of {{c1::adh…
Published	09/14/2024	Adhesion and Disease: Rhinovirus InfectionViruses require a host binding protein to initiate infection, and because adhesion molecules are widely expr…
Published	09/14/2024	Fibrous Proteins: CollagenCollagen is the most abundant protein in the human body.Fibril-forming collagens:Diff card {{c8::Network}}-forming coll…
Published	09/14/2024	Fibrous Proteins: CollagenCollagen is the most abundant protein in the human body.Fibril-forming collagens:Diff cardNetwork-forming collagens:Diff car…
Published	09/14/2024	Fibrous Proteins: Elastin - Cross-Linking and ElasticityThe lysine residues in tropoelastin are used to form {{c1::desmosine}} cross-links, which {{c1…
Published	09/14/2024	Adhesion and Disease: Pemphigus (Part 2)Pemphigus {{c1::vulgaris}} is the most common type, characterized by mouth sores.Pemphigus {{c2::foliaceus}} i…
Published	09/14/2024	Adhesion and Disease: Cancer Part 2The function of E-cadherin is altered in most epithelial tumors.Loss of E-cadherin-mediated cell-to-cell adhesion o…
Published	09/14/2024	GPCR with Gαs G-Protein: Step-by-StepLigand Binding: A ligand (e.g., hormone or neurotransmitter) binds to the {{c4::GPCR}} on the cell membrane.Recep…
Published	09/14/2024	GPCR with Gαi G-Protein: Step-by-StepLigand Binding: A ligand (e.g., hormone or neurotransmitter) binds to the GPCR on the cell membrane.Receptor Acti…
Published	09/14/2024	GPCR with Gαq G-Protein: Step-by-StepLigand Binding: A ligand (e.g., hormone or neurotransmitter) binds to the GPCR on the cell membrane.Receptor Acti…
Published	09/14/2024	EGF Receptor (EGFR) Signaling: Step-by-StepEpidermal Growth Factor (EGF) binds to the extracellular domain of the {{c1::EGFR}} on the cell membrane.EG…
Published	09/14/2024	Insulin Receptor Signaling: Step-by-StepInsulin binds to the extracellular domain of the {{c1::insulin receptor (INSR)}} on the cell membrane.Insulin …
Published	09/14/2024	JAK-STAT Signaling: Step-by-StepCytokine binds to the extracellular domain of the cytokine receptor on the cell membrane.Cytokine binding induces rece…
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