Notes in 04 Mosquito-Borne Illnesses

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Published	06/03/2024	{{c1::Malaria}} is due to infection of RBCs and the liver with {{c2::Plasmodium}} species
Published	06/03/2024	Plasmodium malaria is transmitted by the {{c1::Anopheles}} mosquito
Published	06/03/2024	In malaria, RBCs rupture as part of the Plasmodium life cycle, resulting in {{c1::intravascular}} hemolysis and cyclical {{c2::fever}}
Published	06/03/2024	When should a patient visiting a malaria endemic country take chemoprophylactics (e.g. mefloquine)? {{c1::> 2 weeks prior to travel, during the sta…
Published	06/03/2024	In areas with high rates of chloroquine-resistant malaria, chemoprophylaxis typically includes {{c1::atovaquone-proguanil}}, {{c1::doxycycline}}, or {…
Published	06/03/2024	What anti-malarial drug is used to prevent dormant hepatic hypnozoites in patients infected with Plasmodium vivax? {{c1::Primaquine}}
Published	06/03/2024	What family of viruses does Yellow fever belong to?{{c1::Flaviviridae}}
Published	06/03/2024	Which zone of the liver is affected by Yellow Fever?{{c1::Zone II (intermediate zone)}}
Published	06/03/2024	Which vector transmits Yellow Fever?{{c1::Mosquito, specifically the Aedes}}
Published	06/03/2024	What is a cutaneous complication of Yellow Fever?{{c1::Jaundice}}
Published	06/03/2024	Yellow fever classically causes an aching {{c1::back}}
Published	06/03/2024	What changes in stool are seen with Yellow fever?{{c1::Bloody diarrhea}}
Published	06/03/2024	What type of vomiting is seen with Yellow fever?{{c1::Black (bloody) vomiting}}
Published	06/03/2024	What type of vaccine is available for Yellow fever?{{c1::Live, attenuated}}
Published	06/03/2024	What is seen on liver biopsy in Yellow fever?{{c1::Councilman bodies}}
Published	06/03/2024	Diagnosis of Plasmodium spp. includes blood smear and {{c1::giemsa}} stain
Published	06/03/2024	Which strain(s) of Plasmodium produce dormant hypnozoites in the liver?{{c1::Plasmodium vivax; Plasmodium ovale}}
Published	06/03/2024	Hypnozoites of Plasmodium vivax and ovale are found in {{c1::hepatocytes}}
Published	06/03/2024	Which strain(s) of Plasmodium forms sticky knobs on RBCs that occlude blood vessels? {{c1::Plasmodium falciparum}}
Published	06/03/2024	The sticky RBCs of Plasmodium falciparum occlude vessels of the {{c1::brain}}, {{c1::lungs}}, and {{c1::kidneys}}
Published	06/03/2024	The gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum are {{c1::banana-like::shape}}
Published	06/03/2024	The gametocytes of Plasmodium vivax/ovale are {{c1::round::shape}}
Published	06/03/2024	The gametocytes of Plasmodium malariae are {{c1::round::shape}}
Published	06/03/2024	The trophozoites of Plasmodium {{c1::malariae}} are band or rectangular
Published	06/03/2024	The trophozoites of Plasmodium {{c1::vivax/ovale}} are large, irregular rings
Published	06/03/2024	The trophozoites of Plasmodium {{c1::falciparum}} are small rings
Published	06/03/2024	{{c2::Chloroquine}} is a drug that works by blocking Plasmodium {{c1::heme polymerase::enzyme}}
Published	06/03/2024	Which single drug is used prophylactically in travelers to prevent malarial infection?{{c1::Mefloquine}}
Published	06/03/2024	What drug combination is used prophylactically in travelers to prevent malarial infection?{{c1::Atovaquone and Proguanil}}
Published	06/03/2024	Which strain(s) of Plasmodium are Artemisinins used to treat?{{c1::Plasmodium falciparum}}
Published	06/03/2024	The {{c1::anopheles}} mosquitoes carry {{c2::sporozoites}} of Plasmodium spp. in their saliva
Published	06/03/2024	Sporozoites of Plasmodium from mosquitoes travel to the human {{c1::liver (hepatocytes)}}, where they replicate and mature to {{c2::trophozoites}}
Published	06/03/2024	Trophozoites of Plasmodium mature into {{c1::schizonts}}, which rupture the hepatocytes and release {{c2::merozoites}}
Published	06/03/2024	{{c2::Merozoites}} of Plasmodium from the ruptured hepatocytes go on to infect {{c1::red blood}} cells
Published	06/03/2024	Plasmodium merozoite infection of red blood cells can result in {{c1::gametocyte::sexual form of parasite}} formation
Published	06/03/2024	Which strain(s) of Plasmodium is most severe?{{c1::Plasmodium falciparum}}
Published	06/03/2024	Which strain(s) of Plasmodium can present with Schüffner dots in RBCs?{{c1::Plasmodium vivax/ovale}}
Published	06/03/2024	Which strain(s) of Plasmodium is primaquine used to treat?{{c1::Plasmodium vivax/ovale}}
Published	06/03/2024	Which antimalarial has activity against Plasmodium hypnozoites?{{c1::Primaquine}}
Published	06/03/2024	Which strain(s) of Plasmodium is chloroquine used to treat?{{c1::Plasmodium vivax/ovale; Plasmodium malariae}}
Published	06/03/2024	{{c1::Artemisinins}} are a class of antimalarials that bind {{c2::iron}}, leading to generation of free radicals
Published	06/03/2024	{{c1::Splenomegaly}} occurs in Plasmodium spp. infection (malaria) due to increased clearance of infected RBCs
Published	06/03/2024	Which species of Plasmodium can lead to renal failure?{{c1::Plasmodium falciparum}}
Published	06/03/2024	Which form of Plasmodium spp. is seen here?{{c1::Trophozoite (ring form)}}
Published	06/03/2024	Which form of Plasmodium spp. is seen here?{{c1::Schizont (with merozoites)}}
Published	06/03/2024	Can Chloroquine be used to treat Plasmodium Falciparum?{{c1::Yes*}}
Published	06/03/2024	Plasmodium Falciparum is primarily treated with either combinations of {{c1::Artemether/Lumefantrine}} OR {{c2::Atovaquone/proguanil}}
Published	06/03/2024	For life threatening Malaria, use {{c1::quinidine}} or {{c2::artesunate}}
Published	06/03/2024	Zika virus is from the {{c1::flaviviridae}} family
Published	06/03/2024	Zika virus is commonly transmitted by the {{c1::Aedes mosquito}} vector
Published	06/03/2024	Zika virus can cause fever, rash and {{c1::conjunctivitis}} in 20% of cases
Published	06/03/2024	{{c2::Congenital}} transmission of Zika virus can result in {{c1::microcephaly}} or miscarriages
Published	06/03/2024	In addition to vector-borne transmission, how can Zika virus be transmitted?{{c1::Sexual; Vertical (transplacentally)::2}}
Published	06/03/2024	Outbreaks of Zika virus are more common in {{c1::tropical}} climates
Published	06/03/2024	Diagnosis of Zika virus is made via {{c1::RT-PCR}} or serology
Published	06/03/2024	Malaria should be suspected in ill patients who have traveled to endemic regions, especially those with {{c1::cyclic}} fevers
Published	06/03/2024	Diagnosis of malaria is confirmed by visualization of parasites on {{c1::thick and thin blood smears}}
Published	06/03/2024	What drug treats the dormant hypnozoites of P. vivax and P. ovale?{{c1::Primaquine}}
Published	06/03/2024	Yellow fever vaccine is contraindicated in those with a(n) {{c1::egg}} allergy
Published	06/03/2024	Malaria is characterized by flu-like symptoms (fever and headache), {{c1::anemia::hematologic symptom}} and {{c2::splenomegaly::enlargement of what or…
Published	06/03/2024	Severe microcephaly with thin cerebral corticies and multiple intracranial calcifications is suggestive of {{c1::congenital Zika syndrome::diagnosis}}
Published	06/03/2024	{{c1::P. vivax and ovale}} are species of plasmodium that produce dormant hypnozoites (latent form)
Published	06/03/2024	Malaria may present with {{c1::jaundice}} of the skin due to intravascular hemolytic anemia
Published	06/03/2024	Which antimalarial is used to treat the most severe, drug-resistant strains?{{c1::Artemisinin}}
Published	06/03/2024	What is the most common test used to diagnose malaria?{{c1::Blood smear}}
Published	06/03/2024	Which antimalarial is first-line to treat Plasmodium malariae malaria?{{c1::Chloroquine}}
Published	06/03/2024	Which antimalarial is used to treat P. vivax or ovale malaria in pregnant patients?{{c1::Weekly chloroquine}}
Published	06/03/2024	Which antimalarial is used to prevent malaria in pregnant patients?{{c1::Pyrimethamine-Sulfadoxine}}
Published	06/03/2024	Which antimalarial is used to treat chloroquine-resistant malaria in pregnant patients in the 1st trimester?{{c1::Quinidine +…
Published	06/03/2024	Which antimalarial is used to treat chloroquine-resistant malaria in pregnant patients in the 2nd or 3rd trimester?{{c1::Arte…
Published	06/03/2024	What is the reservoir of Yellow fever?{{c1::Humans and Non-human Primates}}
Published	06/03/2024	Yellow Fever is endemic to {{c1::sub-Saharan Africa and South America}}
Published	06/03/2024	The inital phase of {{c2::yellow fever::which flavivirus}} is pretty non-specific, but you can see {{c1::relative bradycardia::HR}}
Published	06/03/2024	{{c1::Yellow fever::Which flavivirus}} presents with a period of {{c2::remission}} in between the nonspecific phase and the severe illness phase
Published	06/03/2024	An American traveler to sub-Saharan Africa or South America is at {{c1::low}} risk of developing Yellow fever
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