Notes in 07 Visual Motor System

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	Area of the eye with highest visual acuity {{c1::Fovea}}
Published	07/30/2024	Common origin of extraocular muscles{{c1::Annulus of Zinn}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Extraocular muscle layer: Thicker1. Inner global layer 2. Outer orbital layer {{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Extraocular muscle layer: Inserts into sclera1. Inner global layer 2. Outer orbital layer {{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Extraocular muscle layer: Inserts into sclera1. Inner global layer 2. Outer orbital layer {{c1::Inserts into the connective tissue sheat…
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Extorsion 1. Superior oblique muscle action 2. Inferior oblique muscle action {{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Two actions of superior oblique muscle {{c1::Depress eye Intort eye (towards nose)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Two actions of inferior oblique muscle {{c1::Elevate eyeExtort eye (away from nose)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Extraocular muscles needed to perform LEFT horizontal eye movement {{c1::Left lateral rectusRight medial rectus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Extraocular muscles needed to perform Upgaze eye movement {{c1::Superior rectusInferiro oblique muscle (aid)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Among all the extraocular muscles, which is/are controlled by contralateral cranial nerve nucleus{{c1::Superior oblique muscle controlled by contralat…
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Accommodation1. Relaxed state2. Contracted state{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Ciliary muscles are farther from the lens1. Relaxed state2. Contracted state{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Looking at something far1. Relaxed state2. Contracted state{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Zonules of zinn are relaxed increasing the AP diameter1. Relaxed state2. Contracted state{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Clinical condition of blurring of near vision due to loss of accommodation{{c1::Presbyopia}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Thicken lens shape1. Relaxed state2. Contracted state{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Decreased refractive power1. Relaxed state2. Contracted state{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Causes MIOSIS1. Sphincter pupillae2. Dilator pupillae{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Radially arranged1. Sphincter pupillae2. Dilator pupillae{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Sympathetic Innervation1. Sphincter pupillae2. Dilator pupillae{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Parasympathetic Innervation from CN III1. Sphincter pupillae2. Dilator pupillae{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cranial nerve innevation of Levator palpebrae superioris{{c1::Oculomotor nerve (CN III)}}
Published	07/30/2024	CN innervation of the muscle that closes the eyes{{c1::Facial nerve (CN VII)}}
Published	07/30/2024	CN innervation of the muscle that elevates eyelids{{c1::Oculomotor nerve (CN III)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Three classic clinical manifestations of Horner's syndrome{{c1::Partial ptosis (drooping or falling of upper eyelid)Miosis (constricted pupil)Facial a…
Published	07/30/2024	Innervation of Tarsal/Muller muscle {{c1::Postganglionic sympathetic innervation}}
Published	07/30/2024	Specific level of the brain where oculomotor nucleus is located {{c1::Rostral midbrain at the level of superior colliculus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Course of oculomotor nerve fiber from nuclei towards muscles{{c1::Interpeduncular fossa}} → Subarachnoid space → medial to the {{c1::posterior communi…
Published	07/30/2024	Ocular muscles innervated by the superior division of oculomotor nerve (CN III){{c1::Levator palpebrae muscle Superiro rectus muscle}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ocular muscles innervated by the inferior division of oculomotor nerve (CN III){{c1::Pupillary sphincterMedial rectusInferior rectusInferior obliquePa…
Published	07/30/2024	Which specific artery in the brain can compress the oculomotor nerve in an event of aneurysm{{c1::Posterior communicating artery}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which subnuclei of oculomotor nucleus only has contralateral side innervated?{{c1::Medial subnucleus - Superior rectus muscle}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which subnuclei of oculomotor nucleus have bilateral side innervated?{{c1::Edinger-Westphal (parasympathetic)Central caudal - levator palpebrae}}
Published	07/30/2024	d3a49915a4864813a2c396ec3aa11803-oa-1
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Published	07/30/2024	45f6a446409242d4ba822522f25b96a5-oa-1
Published	07/30/2024	Nuclei Source of parasympathetic input for pupillary constriction and ciliary muscle contraction{{c1::Edinger-Westphal complex}}
Published	07/30/2024	Edinger-Westphal preganglionic nucleusCholinergic preganglionic motor neurons → projects to the {{c1::ciliary}} ganglion → postganglionic parasympathe…
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Edinger-Westphal centrally projecting nucleus1. Peptidergic neurons2. Cholinergic neurons{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Loss of preganglionic fibers of Edinger-Westphal1. Ipsilateral mydriasis2. Contralateral mydriasis{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Clinical manifestation associated with RIGHT 3rd nerve palsy {{c1::Exotropic and laterally deviated right eyePtosisDilated pupil}}
Published	07/30/2024	Unique about the exit of the trochlear nerve pathway {{c1::Axons will arc dorsally, around the periaqueductal gray, and will exit caudally around…
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Trochlear nucleus innervation1. Ipsilateral superior oblique2. Contralateral superior oblique{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	What sign is showed in the eyes of the patient?{{c1::Left hypertropia - Left CN IV palsy}}
Published	07/30/2024	If there is left trochlear nucleus lesion, which head tilt position of the patient will make his/her eyes normally aligned?{{c1::Head tilt to left - t…
Published	07/30/2024	If the affected structure is the right superior oblique muscle, which lateral gaze (right or left) will manifest misaligned eye position?{{c1::Left ho…
Published	07/30/2024	Case. Patient presents with left eye hypetropia. Identify which laterality of trochlear nucleus and nerve has lesion Trochlear nucleus: {{c1::Rig…
Published	07/30/2024	Cranial nerve associated with Bielschowsky Sign ?{{c1::Trocheal nerve}}
Published	07/30/2024	Common skull foramina exit of the cranial nerves that supply extraoculomotor muscles{{c1::Superior orbital fissure}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which nerve palsy is present in patient?{{c1::Right abducens nerve}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Abducens nucleus lesion 1. Ipsilateral lateral rectus affected2. Contralateral lateral rectus affected{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which extraocular muscle/s is affected if there is lesion to abducens fiber only?{{c1::ipsilateral lateral rectus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which extraocular muscle/s is affected if there is lesion to abducens nucleus only?{{c1::Ipsilateral lateral rectus muscleContralateral medial rectus …
Published	07/30/2024	Innervated muscle by adbducens internuclear neuron{{c1::Contralateral medial rectus motor neurons via the medial longitudinal fasciculus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Abducens neurons can communicate with the {{c1::contralateral::ipsilateral or contralateral}} medial rectus motor neurons for the opposite eye
Published	07/30/2024	Abducens internuclear neurons sends axon and transmit a signal to the motor neuron on the {{c1::contralateral CN 3::nucleus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Triad of symptoms of internuclear opthalmoplegia {{c1::○ No convergence deficits are present due to intact oculomotor nerve○ Nystagmus in the abd…
Published	07/30/2024	If there is lesion to medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), which extraocular muscle might be affected during lateral gaze movement?{{c1::Medial rectu…
Published	07/30/2024	If there is left internuclear opthalmoplegia, which extraocular muscle will not function properly during lateral gaze?{{c1::Left medial rectus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which brain structure of the patient could have lesion with this eye presentation?{{c1::Left medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Brain structure and extraocular muscle affected with patient that has one and a half eye syndrome{{c1::Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)Ipsilateral…
Published	07/30/2024	Cholinergic preganglionic motor neurons supplying SCGAxons from T{{c1::1}}-T{{c1::3}} will join the sympathetic chain ganglia → synapse with {{c2::sup…
Published	07/30/2024	CNS structure that is mainly affected in patients with Horner's syndrome {{c1::Superior cervical ganglion}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most likely CNS structure lesion with this patient's eye presentation{{c1::Superior cervical ganglion - Horner's syndrome}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Targeting far objects moving towards you1. Convergence2. Divergence{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Targeting near objects moving away from you1. Convergence2. Divergence{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Targeting movements of the eyesRapid movements that direct the eyes to each new targetA. SaccadesB. Smooth pursuit C. Vergence movements{{c1…
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Targeting movements of the eyesSlower movements that allow the eyes to follow moving targetsA. SaccadesB. Smooth pursuit C. Vergence movemen…
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Targeting movements of the eyesAdjust for target distance by changing the angle between the eyesA. SaccadesB. Smooth pursuit C. Vergence mov…
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Horizontal gaze center1. Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation (PPRF)2. Rostral interstitial Nucleus of the MLF (RiMLF){{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Vertical gaze center1. Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation (PPRF)2. Rostral interstitial Nucleus of the MLF (RiMLF){{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Preferred gaze of patients with Parinaud syndrome?{{c1::Downward gaze or tendency to look down}}
Published	07/30/2024	Neurons in the PPRF innervate cells in the {{c1::abducens}} nucleus on the same side of the brain
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Responsible for leftward gaze1. Left PPRF2. Right PPRF{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	What are the two-step movement of saccadic movement?{{c1::Burst - tonic firingTonic phase - keep eye fixated }}
Published	07/30/2024	A group of neurons that function to maintain the gaze on our target{{c1::Interstitial nucleus of Cajal}}
Published	07/30/2024	Brain structure that directs reflexive orienting eye movements (in response to sound, vision or auditory){{c1::Superior colliculus}}
Published	07/30/2024	T or FSaccadic eye movements will be readily impaired if one of the cortical eye fields has lesion {{c1::False, you need to have pathology i…
Published	07/30/2024	Brain structure that provides the main input for reflexive saccades{{c1::Superior colliculus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Major input to superior colliculus {{c1::Cortical eye fieldsSubstantia nigra}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Superior colliculus: visual sensory, projects to the dorsal LGN1. Superficial layer 2. Intermediate layer {{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Superior colliculus: visual motor; input from cortical eye field and substantia nigra1. Superficial layer 2. Intermediate layer {{c1::B}…
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Activity state of substantia nigra during saccadic eye movement 1. On2. Off{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Three brain structures associated with horizontal saccades{{c1::Frontal lobe (BA 8)Parietal lobe (BA 7)Superior Colliculi}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Horizontal saccadesVoluntary SaccadesA. Frontal lobe (BA 8)B. Parietal lobe (BA 7)C. Superior colliculus {{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Horizontal saccadesSupplementary Eye FieldA. Frontal lobe (BA 8)B. Parietal lobe (BA 7)C. Superior colliculus {{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Horizontal saccadesReflexive SaccadesA. Frontal lobe (BA 8)B. Parietal lobe (BA 7)C. Superior colliculus {{c1::B and C - Mainly Superior Col…
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Horizontal saccadesPredominant in more complex stimulusA. Frontal lobe (BA 8)B. Parietal lobe (BA 7)C. Superior colliculus {{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Four components needed in voluntary saccades{{c1::Frontal Eye FieldParamedian Pontine Reticular FormationAnducens NucleusOculomotor Nucleus}}
Published	07/30/2024	5c6df9f6237747c981a4db51677c60bd-oa-1
Published	07/30/2024	5c6df9f6237747c981a4db51677c60bd-oa-2
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Voluntary saccade toward left1. Initiation in contralatareal frontal eye field2. Initiation in ipsilateral frontal eye field{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Activation of left frontal eye field1. Eyes move to left2. Eyes move to right {{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	In voluntary saccades pathway, command from frontal eye field will send synapse to contralateral paramedian pontine reticular formation via?{{c1::Ipsi…
Published	07/30/2024	In patients with destructive cortical lesion (BA 8), which lateral gaze would they manifest upon left cortical eye field activation {{c1::Left ga…
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Irritative focus pathology of cortical eye field 1. Ipsilateral side gaze2. Contralateral side gaze{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Absent pulse-and-step form1. Saccades2. Smooth pursuit{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Smooth pursuit connectionsInput:{{c1::Lateral parietal cortexMid-temporal cortex::2}}Output:{{c1::Frontal eye field:1}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Vertical gaze center1. Midbrain2. Pons{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Horizontal gaze center1. Midbrain2. Pons{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Smooth pursuit pathway Fovea → {{c1::Dorsal LGN}} → BA {{c2::17}} → {{c1::Lateral parietal cortex}}; {{c1::Mid temporal cortex}}; {{c1::Frontal c…
Published	07/30/2024	Near reflex pathwayExtraocular muscle/s that is/are innervated by supraoculomotor area{{c1::Bilateral Medial Rectus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Near reflex pathwayVisual subnuclei that is/are innervated by supraoculomotor area{{c1::Edinger Westphal Nuclei - ciliary body}}
Published	07/30/2024	Near reflex pathway{{c2::Optic}} nerve → {{c1::primary visual cortex}} → {{c2::Supraoculomotor area}} → {{c1::Bilateral medial rectus}} muscle an…
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Compensatory refexesCompensates for ACCELERATION during head movementA. Vestibulo-ocular reflex (Dolls ’eye)B. OptokineticC. Pupillary light…
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Compensatory refexesCompensates for VELOCITY, indicated by the movement of the whole visual fieldA. Vestibulo-ocular reflex (Dolls ’eye)B. O…
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Compensatory refexesCompensates for AMOUNT OF LIGHT falling on the retinaA. Vestibulo-ocular reflex (Dolls ’eye)B. OptokineticC. Pupillary l…
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Compensatory refexesPROTECTS the eyeA. Vestibulo-ocular reflex (Dolls ’eye)B. OptokineticC. Pupillary light reflexD. Blink reflex{{c1::D}}
Published	07/30/2024	Peripheral organs required in Vestibulo-ocular reflex{{c1::Semicircular canals}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Vestibulo-ocular reflex: Head turns to left 1. Activation of ipsilateral semicircular canal2. Activation of contralateral semicircular canal{…
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Vestibulo-ocular reflex: Head turns to left 1. Activation of ipsilateral vestibular nucleus2. Activation of contralateral vestibular nucleus{…
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Vestibulo-ocular reflex: Head turns to left 1. Activation of ipsilateral abducens nucleus2. Activation of contralateral abducens nucleus{{c1:…
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Vestibulo-ocular reflex: Head turns to left 1. Activation of ipsilateral lateral rectus muscle2. Activation of contralateral medial rectus mu…
Published	07/30/2024	Vestibulo-ocular reflex pathway {{c2::Semicircular}} canals → {{c1::Vestibular nucleus}} → {{c2::Abducens}} nucleus → {{c1::Lateral rectus}}…
Published	07/30/2024	Optokinetic reflex pathway Retina (optic nerve) → {{c1::Dorsal lateral geniculate}} nucleus → {{c2::visual cortex}} → visual association cortex →…
Published	07/30/2024	Four-neuron arc of pupillary light reflex {{c2::Retinal ganglion}} cells → {{c1::Tectum, olivary pretectal}} nucleus → {{c2::EW}} nucleus → {{c1:…
Published	07/30/2024	Why is there consensual response in pupillary light reflex?{{c1::Decussation of half of the fibers in the optic chiasm}}
Published	07/30/2024	Associated CNS infection with Argyll Robertson pupil {{c1::Central nervous system syphilis}}
Published	07/30/2024	CN that receive sensory free nerve endings from cornea {{c1::Trigeminal nerve (CN V)}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Blink reflex pathology Disorder that results in bouts of high-frequency blinkingA. BlepharospasmB. ParkinsonismC. Bell palsy {{c1:…
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Blink reflex pathology Disorder that results in decreased blink rateA. BlepharospasmB. ParkinsonismC. Bell palsy {{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Blink reflex pathology Facial nerve is damagedA. BlepharospasmB. ParkinsonismC. Bell palsy {{c1::C}}
Published	07/30/2024	Blink reflex pathway{{c2::Free nerve endings}} at cornea → {{c1::Trigeminal sensory}} nucleus → {{c2::Facial}} nucleus and {{c2::Oculomotor}} nuc…
Status	Last Update	Fields