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Head Special Neurology(Eye and Ear)(Meroff)
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Status
Last Update
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Published
11/04/2024
The two air-filled spaces of the ear are:- {{c1::Outer Ear}}- {{c1::Middle Ear}}The fluid-filled space is:- {{c1::Inner Ear}}
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11/04/2024
Structures of the {{c1::outer ear}} are:- {{c2::auricle}}- {{c2::external acoustic meatus}}- {{c2::tympanic membrane}}
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Innervations of Auricle:- {{c1::Auriculotemporal N. (V3)}}- {{c1::Lesser occipital N. (C2)}}- {{c1::Great auricular N. (C2,C3)}}
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Features of the Tympanic Membrane:- {{c1::Very Thin}}- {{c1::Converts sound waves into mechanical vibrations}}- {{c1::Highly sensitive}}
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The {{c2::mastoid antrum}} are {{c1::air-filed spaces in the mastoid process}}.
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Middle Ear Structures:- {{c1::Mastoid Antrum}}- {{c1::Pharyngotympanic(Eustachian) Tube}}- {{c1::Malleus}}- {{c1::Incus}}- {{c1::Stapes}}
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The {{c1::stapes::bone}} attach to the {{c2::oval window::structure}} and {{c2::stapedius muscle::muscle}} which {{c2::stabalizes::function}} the {{c1…
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The {{c1::malleus::bone}} attach to the {{c2::tympanic membrane::structure}} and {{c2::tensor tympani muscle::muscle}} which {{c2::stabalizes::functio…
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CN: {{c2::Otosclerosis::Condition}} results in {{c1::conductive hearing loss::type of hearing loss}}. It affects {{c3::ossicles, round window, and coc…
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Characteristics of the pharyngotympanic(eustacian tube):- {{c1::Stays closed}}- {{c1::Equalizes pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane}}- {{c1::I…
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{{c1::Otitis media::Condition}} is {{c2::inflammation/infection of the ear::characteristics}} which can lead to {{c2::nerve compression, conducti…
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{{c1::Perilymph::Fluid}} is between {{c2::bony labyrinth::structure}} and {{c2::membranous labyrinth::structure}}, contacts {{c2::oval::oval/round}} w…
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{{c1::Endolymph::Fluid}} is inside {{c2::membranous labyrinth::structure}}, drains into {{c2::endolymphatic duct::duct}} into {{c2::dural sinuses::sin…
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{{c1::Meniere Disease::condition}} can be caused by {{c2::allergies, head injury, viral infections::causes}}. It is characterized by {{c3::increased e…
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11/04/2024
Inner Ear Functional parts:1. {{c1::Cochlear duct::structure}} for {{c2::hearing::function}}.2. {{c1::Semicircular ducts, Utricle, and saccule::struct…
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{{c1::Scala media::Duct}} is the {{c2::middle::location}} compartment and contains {{c2::endolymph::fluid}}. It is surrounded by {{c3::scala vestibuli…
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Cochlea Signal Transmission:1. {{c1::Stapes transfer force to oval window}}.2. {{c2::Perilymph in scala vestibuli moves}}.3. {{c3::Perilymph in scala …
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The {{c1::organ of corti::structure}} found in the {{c2::scala media::fluid compartment}} is the {{c2::receptor organ of hearing::function}}.
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11/04/2024
Organ of Corti - Mechanism of Action:1. {{c1::Endolymph vibrates}}2. {{c2::Tectorial membrane moves over the hair cells}}3. {{c3::Basilar membrane mov…
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11/04/2024
{{c1::Semicircular canals::Structure}} have {{c2::semicircular ducts::structure}} where the {{c2::ampulla::structure}} detects {{c3::rotational::type}…
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11/04/2024
The {{c1::vestibule::Structure}} contains the {{c2::saccule and utricle::structure}} with {{c2::ampullas::structure}} that detects {{c3::linear accele…
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11/04/2024
{{c1::Otoliths::structure}} found in the {{c1::vestibule::location}} have {{c2::crystals that move::characteristic}} which help the {{c3::saccule::str…
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Orbital wall {{c1::floor::which wall}} fractures are the {{c2::most common::characteristic}}. The {{c2::inferior oblique muscle::muscle}} an…
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11/04/2024
The three conceteric layers(tunics) of the eye are:1. {{c1::Fibrous Tunic}}2. {{c1::Vascular Tunic(uvea)}}3. {{c1::Nervous Tunic}}
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The {{c2::cornea}} is the {{c1::transparent, clear part of outer eye::characteristic}}.
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The {{c2::sclera}} is the {{c1::white part of outer eye::characteristic}}.
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The function of the {{c1::fibrous layer(cornea and sclera)}} is to:- {{c2::protect and provide eye shape}}- {{c2::focus light on the retina(cornea ref…
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11/04/2024
{{c1::Vascular Tunic::Tunic}} contains the {{c2::iris::structure}}, {{c2::ciliary body::structure}}, and {{c2::chorid::structure}}.
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11/04/2024
The {{c1::iris::structure}} is the colored part of the eye and {{c2::regulates the amount of light entering eye::function}}. The {{c1::pupil::structur…
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11/04/2024
The {{c1::ciliary body::structure}} is used in {{c2::accomodation/closeup::characteristic}} vision. Also contains ciliary {{c1::processes::structure}}…
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11/04/2024
The {{c1::chorid::structure}} is a {{c2::network of capillaries that bring nutrients and cools down::characteristic}} the retina.
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11/04/2024
In {{c1::dim::dim/bright}} light, the pupil {{c2::dilates(mydriasis)::dilates/constricts}} through the {{c2::dilator pupillae::muscle}} and is innerva…
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11/04/2024
In {{c1::bright::dim/bright}} light, the pupil {{c2::constricts(miosis)::dilates/constricts}} through the {{c2::sphincter pupillae::muscle}} and is in…
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11/04/2024
{{c1::Anisocoria::Condition}} is the {{c2::different diameter of pupils::characteristic}}.
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11/04/2024
Retina - Pathway of Light1. {{c1::Light enters eye and hits retina}}2. {{c2::Cones(color, central vision) and rods(peripheral, dim vision) are activat…
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11/04/2024
The optic disc contains a {{c1::blind spot::characteristic}} where the {{c1::occipital nerve::structure}} occipies.
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A {{c2::fundoscopy::exam}} is a {{c1::posterior-inner eye::type}} examination.
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11/04/2024
Flow of aqueous humor:1. {{c1::Posterior Chamber}}2. {{c2::Pupil}}3. {{c3::A traveular meshwork at the angle of anterior chamber}}4. {{c4::Schlemm's C…
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11/04/2024
{{c1::Anterior::Anterior/Posterior}} chamber is space between {{c2::cornea::structure}} and {{c2::iris::structure}}.
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11/04/2024
{{c1::Posterior::Anterior/Posterior}} chamber is space between {{c2::iris::structure}} and {{c2::lens::structure}}.
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11/04/2024
{{c3::Glaucoma::Condition}} is caused by an {{c1::obstruction in aqueous humor flow::characteristic}} leading to {{c2::increased intraocular pressure(…
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11/04/2024
Lacrimal apparatus:High Yield: {{c1::lacrimal gland produces tears, lacrimal sac stores tears}}Low Yield:1. {{c2::Lacrimal gland produces tears(CN VII…
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11/04/2024
The {{c1::lacrimal gland::gland}} is innervated by {{c2::greater petrosal N of CN VII::nerve}} carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to lacrima…
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11/04/2024
Arterial supply of the {{c3::eye::structure}} is the {{c2::ophthalmic artery::artery}} which runs along the {{c2::optic canal::structure}} and is deri…
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11/04/2024
{{c2::Opthalmic vein::Venous structure}} drains into the {{c1::cavernous sinus::venous structure}} which can cause {{c3::infections to reach brain::ch…
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11/04/2024
A {{c3::cavernous sinus lesion::condition}} can lead to {{c1::eye muscle paralysis(opthalmoplegia)::symptom}} and {{c2::facial sensory loss::symp…
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11/04/2024
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Status
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Fields