Notes in 02 Hematopathology

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Published	12/05/2023	{{c1::Flow cytometry}} is a laboratory technique used to assess size, granularity, and protein expression of individual cells in a sample
Published	12/05/2023	In flow cytometry, cells are tagged with {{c1::antibodies}} specific to surface or intracellular proteins
Published	12/05/2023	In flow cytometry, antibodies are tagged with a unique {{c1::fluorescent dye}}, which is detected and counted during analysis
Published	12/05/2023	Flow Cytometry Example: Cells in the left lower quadrant are CD3{{c1::-}} and CD8{{c1::-}}
Published	12/05/2023	Flow Cytometry Example: Cells in the left upper quadrant are CD3{{c1::+}} and CD8{{c1::-}}
Published	12/05/2023	Flow Cytometry Example: Cells in the right lower quadrant are CD3{{c1::-}} and CD8{{c1::+}}
Published	12/05/2023	Flow Cytometry Example: Cells in the right upper quadrant are CD3{{c1::+}} and CD8{{c1::+}}
Published	12/05/2023	{{c1::Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)}} uses a fluorescent DNA/RNA probe to bind to a specific gene of interest on chromosomes
Published	12/05/2023	{{c1::Fluoresence in situ hybridization (FISH)}} is a laboratory technique used for specific localization of genes and direct visualization of chromos…
Published	12/05/2023	{{c2::Sideroblastic}} anemia is associated with {{c1::ringed sideroblasts}}, in which iron-laden mitochondria form a ring around the nucleus of erythr…
Published	09/03/2024	A low WBC count (< 5K) is called {{c1::leukopenia}}
Published	09/03/2024	A high WBC count (> 10K) is called {{c1::leukocytosis}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Neutropenia}} refers to a decreased number of circulating neutrophils
Published	09/03/2024	Neutropenia may result from drug toxicity, especially {{c1::chemotherapy}}
Published	09/03/2024	Neutropenia may result from severe {{c1::infection (e.g. gram-negative sepsis)}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Lymphopenia}} refers to a decreased number of circulating lymphocytes
Published	09/03/2024	Lymphopenia may be caused by {{c1::immunodeficiency}} (e.g. HIV, DiGeorge syndrome, SCID)
Published	09/03/2024	Lymphopenia may occur due to a high {{c1::cortisol}} state, which induces apoptosis of lymphocytes
Published	09/03/2024	What is the effect of corticosteroids on lymphocyte levels? {{c1::Decreased (lymphopenia)}}
Published	09/03/2024	Lymphopenia may occur due to {{c1::autoimmune}} destruction (e.g. SLE)
Published	09/03/2024	Lymphopenia may occur with whole body {{c1::radiation}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Neutrophilia}} refers to an increased number of circulating neutrophils
Published	09/03/2024	Monocytosis (increased monocytes) is seen with chronic {{c1::inflammatory}} states and {{c2::malignancy}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Lymphocytosis}} refers to an increased number of circulating lymphocytes
Published	09/03/2024	Lymphocytosis often occurs in response to {{c1::viral}} infections
Published	12/05/2023	Acute leukemia is defined as a neoplastic proliferation of blasts {{c1::> 20}}% in the bone marrow
Published	12/05/2023	{{c2::Lympho}}-blasts are characterized by positive nuclear staining for {{c1::TdT}}, which is a(n) {{c3::DNA polymerase}}
Published	12/05/2023	{{c2::Myeloblasts::-blasts}} are usually characterized by positive cytoplasmic staining for {{c1::myeloperoxidase (MPO)}}
Published	12/05/2023	Myelodysplastic syndromes usually present with increased blasts {{c1::< 20}}%
Published	12/05/2023	Myelodysplastic syndromes rarely may progress to {{c1::acute myeloid}} leukemia
Published	12/05/2023	Myelodysplastic syndromes are caused by {{c1::de novo mutations::genetics}} or environmental exposure (e.g. radiation, benzene, chemotherapy)
Published	12/05/2023	{{c3::Myelodysplastic}} syndromes may be associated with a(n) {{c1::Pseudo-Pelger-Huet}} anomaly, which are neutrophils with {{c2::bilobed}} nucl…
Published	12/05/2023	{{c2::Chronic lymphocytic}} leukemia commonly involves lymph nodes, leading to generalized lymphadenopathy; thus called {{c1::small lymphocytic}} lymp…
Published	12/05/2023	The t({{c3::14}};{{c3::18}}) translocation results in overexpression of {{c1::Bcl2}}, resulting in inhibition of {{c2::apoptosis}}
Published	12/05/2023	Follicular lymphoma is distinguished from reactive follicular hyperplasia by expression of {{c1::Bcl2}} in follicles
Published	12/05/2023	{{c2::Hodgkin}} lymphoma is a neoplastic proliferation of {{c1::Reed-Sternberg}} cells
Published	12/05/2023	{{c2::Reed-Sternberg}} cells are large {{c1::B}} cells with multilobed nuclei and prominent nucleoli ("owl eye" appearance)
Published	12/05/2023	Reed-Sternberg cells are classically positive for CD-{{c1::15}} and CD-{{c1::30}}
Published	12/05/2023	What pathologic RBC finding is seen in bone marrow with sideroblastic anemia, lead poisoning, and myelodysplastic syndrome? {{c1::Ringed sideroblasts}…
Published	12/05/2023	A leukemoid reaction is a severe elevation in WBC, typically >{{c1::50,000}} cells/mm3
Published	12/05/2023	Other signs of a leukemoid reaction include {{c1::basophilic::color}} peripherally located "döhle bodies" in neutrophils, toxic granulation, and cytop…
Published	12/05/2023	Flow cytometry is used to {{c1::count}} and {{c1::categorize}} cells, as in {{c2::CBC::common lab order}}
Published	12/05/2023	One disadvantage of flow cytometry is that it requires {{c1::fresh, not fixed tissue}}
Published	12/05/2023	What toxic change is shown?{{c1::Döhle body}}
Published	12/05/2023	Does flow cytometry require fresh or fixed tissue?{{c1::Fresh}}
Published	12/05/2023	What abnormal RBCs are seen in the bone marrow aspirate below?{{c1::Ringed sideroblasts}}
Published	12/05/2023	If a patient has leukopenia and a bone marrow biopsy is hypercellular, this indicates that there is {{c1::ineffective hematopoiesis}}.
Published	12/05/2023	If a patient has leukopenia and a bone marrow biopsy is hypocellular, this indicates that there is {{c1::suppression/destruction of granulocyte precur…
Published	12/05/2023	What is the most common cause of agranulocytosis?{{c1::Drug toxicity}}
Published	12/05/2023	What are these cells? (from a patient with pancytopenia){{c1::Dysgranulopoietic granulocytes}}
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Published	12/05/2023	Can vitamin B12, folic acid, and copper deficiency cause dyspoiesis?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	12/05/2023	Can infection cause dyspoiesis?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	12/05/2023	Can autoimmune diseases cause dyspoiesis?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	12/05/2023	Can medications/toxins cause dyspoiesis?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	12/05/2023	Can hereditary factors cause dyspoiesis?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	12/05/2023	Can myelodysplastic syndrome cause dyspoiesis?{{c1::Yes}}
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Published	12/05/2023	What is present in the red circles?{{c1::Mature neutrophils}}
Published	12/05/2023	What is present in the green circles?{{c1::Bands}}
Published	12/05/2023	What is present in the blue circles?{{c1::Myelocytes/metamyelocytes}}
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Published	12/05/2023	{{c1::Myelocytes}} have more cytoplasm than {{c2::blasts}}, but both have large, euchromatin nuclei.
Published	12/05/2023	A {{c1::karyotype::genetic test}} is good for detecting large genetic abnormalities.
Published	12/05/2023	A {{c1::FISH or PCR test::2 genetic tests}} is good for detecting very small genetic abnormalities.
Published	12/05/2023	A {{c1::karyotype::genetic test}} requires fresh samples, {{c1::FISH::genetic test}} can use fresh or fixed samples, and {{c1::PCR::genetic test}} can…
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Published	12/05/2023	What is this cell?{{c1::Myeloblast with Auer rod}}
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Published	12/05/2023	To distinguish between myeloid and lymphoid blasts, {{c1::flow cytometry}} or {{c2::immunohistochemical stains}} can be done.
Published	12/05/2023	CD34, CD117, and TdT are markers of {{c1::immaturity (blasts)}}.
Published	12/05/2023	MPO, CD13, and CD33 are markers of the {{c1::myeloid}} lineage.
Published	12/05/2023	CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8, CD19, CD20, CD79a, and surface light chain (kappa, lambda) are markers of the {{c1::lymphoid}} lineage.
Published	12/05/2023	{{c2::Acute lymphoblastic}} leukemia commonly involves lymph nodes or the thymus, leading to generalized lymphadenopathy; thus called {…
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Published	01/02/2024	What cell is this? (present in a lymph node with fibrous bands){{c1::Reed-Sternberg cell}}
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