Notes in COPR Prep

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	04/06/2024	Define abandonment of a patient
Published	04/06/2024	Define abduction
Published	04/06/2024	Define aberrant conduction
Published	04/06/2024	Define medical abortion
Published	04/06/2024	Define emergency medical services
Published	04/06/2024	Define pathophysiology
Published	04/06/2024	What is homeostasis?
Published	04/06/2024	Define aetiology
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0179:top=.156:width=.1744:height=.0515}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0755:top=.0728:width=.1339:height=.0396}}{{c…
Published	04/06/2024	The three primary components of most cells are the {{c3::cell membrane}}, {{c1::cytoplasm}}, and {{c2::nucleus}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c3::Organelles}} are found in the {{c1::cytoplasm}} of a cell and function to {{c2::maintain the life of the cell}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c3::Ribosomes}} join chains of {{c1::amino acids}} to form {{c2::proteins}}
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c2::rough endoplasmic riticulum}} is lined with {{c1::ribosomes}}
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c2::rough endoplasmic riticulum}} is involved in building {{c1::proteins}}
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c2::smooth endoplasmic reticulum}} is involved in building {{c1::fats}}
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::golgi complex}} is involved in the {{c2::production}} of {{c3::carbohydrates}} and {{c4::complex protein molecules}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c4::Lysosomes}} contain {{c1::digestive enzymes}} to breakdown {{c2::bacteria}} and {{c3::organic debris}} within cells
Published	04/06/2024	{{c2::Peroxisomes}} function to {{c1::neutralize toxins}}
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c2::mitochondria}} produce {{c1::adenosine triphosphate (ATP)}}
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c3::nucleus}} contains {{c1::chromatin}} and the {{c2::nuclei }}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c3::Ribonucleic acid (RNA)}} is contained in the {{c2::nucleoli}} and is responsible for {{c1::controlling cellular activities}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c3::Tissues}} are groups of {{c1::similar cells}} that {{c2::work together for a common function}}
Published	04/06/2024	The four types of human tissues are {{c1::epithelial}}, {{c2::connective}}, {{c3::muscle}}, and {{c4::nerve}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c3::Epithelial tissue}} covers the {{c1::external surfaces}} of the body and {{c2::lines hollow organs}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c4::Endothelial}} cells line the {{c3::inside}} of {{c2::blood vessels}} and {{c5::regulate the flow of blood}} as well as {{c1::clotting}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Connective}} tissues {{c2::bind}} other {{c3::types of tissue together}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c2::Adipose}} tissue it a {{c3::connective}} tissue containing high levels of {{c1::lipids}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Muscle}} tissue is enclosed by the {{c2::fascia}}, which is a layer of {{c3::fibrous connective tissue}} which {{c4::separates}} individual musc…
Published	04/06/2024	The three muscle types are {{c1::skeletal}}, {{c2::cardiac}}, and {{c3::smooth}}
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::central nervous system (CNS)}} consists of the {{c2::brain}} and the {{c3::spinal cord}}
Published	04/06/2024	The body {{c6::eliminates excess heat}} through {{c1::convection}}, {{c2::conduction}}, {{c3::evaporation}}, {{c4::radiation}}, and {{c5::respiration}…
Published	04/06/2024	The oxygen cylinder constant for a {{c1::D}} tank is {{c2::0.16}}
Published	04/06/2024	The oxygen cylinder constant for an {{c1::E}} tank is {{c2::0.28}}
Published	04/06/2024	The oxygen cylinder constant for an {{c1::M}} tank is {{c2::1.56}}
Published	04/06/2024	The oxygen cylinder constant for an {{c1::G}} tank is {{c1::2.41}}
Published	04/06/2024	The oxygen cylinder constant for an {{c1::H}} tank is {{c2::3.14}}
Published	04/06/2024	The oxygen cylinder constant for a {{c1::K}} tank is {{c2::3.14}}
Published	04/06/2024	(({{c1::tank pressure in PSI}} - {{c2::200 PSI}}) x {{c3::cylinder constant}}) / {{c4::flow rate Lpm}}
Published	04/06/2024	Nasal cannulas have a flow rate of {{c2::1-6L/m}} and an FiO2 of {{c1::24-44%}}
Published	04/06/2024	Nonrebreather masks have a flow rate of {{c2::15L/m}} and an FiO2 of {{c1::up to 90%}}
Published	04/06/2024	Venturi masks have a flow rate of {{c2::6-12L/min}} and an FiO2 of {{c1::24-50%}}
Published	04/06/2024	BVMs (reservoir) have a flow rate of {{c2::15L/m}} and an FiO2 of {{c1::nearly 100%}}
Published	04/06/2024	Mouth-to-mask devices have a flow rate of {{c2::15L/m}} and an FiO2 of {{c1::nearly 55%}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Agonal respirations}} are an {{c7::abnormal breathing pattern}} originating from {{c2::lower brainstem neurons}} and characterized by {{c3::labo…
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Apneustic respirations}} are {{c2::prolonged}}, {{c3::gasping}} {{c4::inhalations}} followed by {{c5::extremely short and inadequate exhalations…
Published	04/06/2024	{{c3::Apneustic respirations}} typically occur due to {{c1::upper pons injury}} and {{c2::severe brain injury}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c4::Ataxic respirations}} are {{c3::completely irregular respirations}} that indicate {{c2::severe brain injury}} or {{c1::brainstem herniation…
Published	04/06/2024	{{c6::Biot's respirations}} have an {{c5::irregular}} {{c4::pattern}}, {{c3::rate}}, and {{c2::depth}} with {{c1::periods of apnea}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Bradypnea}} is {{c2::unusually slow respirations}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Central neurogenic hyperventilation}} is a {{c2::rapid, deep}} respiration pattern which {{c3::lowers CO2 levels}} and {{c4::raises pH}} resulti…
Published	04/06/2024	{{c2::Central neurogenic hyperventilation}} is also called {{c1::tachypneic hyperpnea}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Cheyne-Stokes respirations}} are {{c2::crescendo-decrescendo breathing}} with a {{c3::period of apnea}} between each cycle
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Coughs}} are {{c2::forced exhalation}} against a {{c3::closed glottis}} in an effort to {{c4::clear the airway}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c2::Eupnea}} is a {{c1::normal respiration}} pattern
Published	04/06/2024	{{c3::Hiccups}} are {{c2::spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm}} causing {{c1::short inhalations}} with a distinctive sound
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Hyperpnea}} is an {{c2::abnormally deep}} respiration pattern
Published	04/06/2024	{{c2::Hypopnea}} is an {{c1::unusually shallow}} respiration pattern
Published	04/06/2024	{{c3::Kussmaul respirations}} are {{c2::rapid, deep respirations}} accompanied by a {{c1::fruity odour on the breath}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c2::Tachypnea}} is an {{c1::unusually rapid}} breathing pattern
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Agonal respirations}} are caused by {{c2::stray neurologic impulses}}, and are often seen in {{c3::dying patients}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Apneustic respirations}} occur when the {{c2::pneumotaxic centre}} (Nancy says Medulla, but it's actually the Pons) is damaged and indicates a {…
Published	04/06/2024	{{c3::Ataxic respirations}} occur due to {{c2::severe brain injury}} or {{c1::brainstem herniation}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c3::Biot's respirations}} occur due to {{c2::severe brain injury}} or {{c1::brainstem herniation}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c3::Central neurogenic hyperventilation}} occurs due to {{c2::increased intracranial pressure}} or {{c1::direct brain injury}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c3::Cheyne-Stokes respirations}} are caused by {{c4::heart failure}} and {{c5::stroke}} as a result of changes to the {{c2::apnea threshold}} and {{…
Published	04/06/2024	{{c3::Coughs}} are controlled by the {{c2::cough centre}} in the brain and result from {{c1::foreign substances irritating the airway}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c2::Kussmaul respirations}} are caused by {{c3::metabolic acidosis}} as the body tries to rid itself of {{c1::blood acetone}} via the lungs
Published	04/06/2024	{{c2::Frothy, pink-tinged}} sputum is caused by {{c1::heart failure}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c3::Thick}} sputum is caused by {{c2::dehydration}} or {{c1::antihistamine}} use
Published	04/06/2024	{{c2::Purulent}} sputum is caused by {{c1::infection}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c3::Yellow, green, or brown}} sputum is caused by {{c2::old secretions}} in {{c1::varying stages of decomposition}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c2::Clear or white}} sputum is caused by {{c1::bronchitis}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c5::Blood streaked}} sputum can be caused by {{c2::tumours}}, {{c3::tuberculosis}}, {{c4::pulmonary edema}}, or {{c1::trauma}}
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::asthma triad}} consists of {{c2::airway edema}}, {{c3::increased mucus production}}, and {{c4::bronchospasm}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Croup}} is a {{c2::viral}} infection around the {{c3::glottis}}, characterized by a {{c4::"seal-bark" cough}}, typically occurring between {{c5:…
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Epiglottitis}} is a {{c2::rapidly progressive {{c3::infection}} of the epiglottis}} that may cause {{c4::fatal respiratory obstruction}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Epiglottitis}} occurs at {{c2::any age}} and typically presents with {{c3::drooling}}, {{c4::fever}}, {{c5::hoarseness}}, and {{c6::purposeful h…
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Peritonsillar abscesses}} form behind the {{c2::pharyngeal tonsil unilaterally}} and presents with a {{c3::fever}} and {{c4::sore throat}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Retropharyngeal abscesses}} are caused by {{c2::infection to the retropharyngeal lymph nodes}} or {{c3::direct trauma to the pharynx}}, and are …
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Diphtheria}} is caused by {{c2::bacteria}} {{c3::attacking layers of epithelial tissue}}, causing a {{c4::pseudomembrane}} most often seen in th…
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Enlarged tonsils}} are {{c2::palatine tonsils}} that have {{c3::swollen}} resulting in {{c4::fever}}, {{c5::dysphagia}}, and {{c6::throat pain}}…
Published	04/06/2024	{{c2::Asthma}} is also called {{c1::reactive airway disease}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Bronchospasm}} is caused by {{c2::constriction of smooth muscle}} surrounding larger bronchi in the lungs
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Status asthmaticus}} is a {{c2::severe, prolonged asthmatic attack}} that {{c3::cannot be broken with conventional treatments}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Emphysema}} is {{c2::destruction of the airway}} {{c4::distal}} to the {{c5::terminal bronchioles}} and {{c3::alveoli}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Emphysema}} patients often have a {{c2::barrel chest}} and a {{c3::tachypneic}} breathing pattern
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Chronic bronchitis}} is {{c2::sputum production}} most days of the month of 3 or more months out of the year, for {{c3::more than 2 years}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Chronic bronchitis}} patients are typically {{c2::obese}}, {{c3::congested}}, {{c4::cyanosed}}, and typically have co-morbid {{c5::heart disease…
Published	04/06/2024	The hypoxic drive is absolute bullshit, fuck you Nancy, you're wrong
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::hypoxic drive}} occurs due to {{c2::chronic hypoventilation}}, resulting in {{c3::bicarbonate (HCO3)}} being {{c4::retained}} to compensate …
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Normally functioning alveoli}} have {{c2::good ventilation}} and {{c3::good perfusion}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c3::Dead space}} alveoli have {{c2::good ventilation}} and {{c1::poor perfusion}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c3::Shunted}} alveoli have {{c2::poor ventilation}} and {{c1::good perfusion}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Silent}} alveoli have {{c2::poor ventilation}} and {{c3::poor perfusion}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Atelectasis}} occurs when the {{c2::alveoli}} and {{c3::lung segments}} {{c4::collapse}} due to {{c5::illness}}, {{c6::surgery}}, or {{c7::damag…
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Lung cancer}} may present with {{c2::hemoptysis}}, {{c3::uncontrollable coughing}}, {{c4::shortness of breath}}, or {{c5::pneumonias}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Pulmonary edema}} is {{c2::swelling of the lungs}} caused by {{c3::fluid from the blood plasma}} {{c4::migrating into the lung parenchyma}}
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::lung parenchyma}} are the tissues that make up the {{c2::walls of the capillaries}} and {{c3::alveoli}}
Published	04/06/2024	A {{c1::pneumothorax}} occurs when {{c3::air collects}} between the {{c2::visceral and parietal pleura of the lungs}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Pleural effusion}} occurs when {{c2::fluid collects}} between the {{c3::visceral and parietal pleura of the lungs}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Acute hyperventilation syndrome}} occurs due to {{c2::increased rate and depth of breathing}}, causing a {{c3::fall in CO2 levels}} and a {{c4::…
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0293:top=.0305:width=.2081:height=.0241}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7222:top=.0285:width=.2634:height=.0341}}{{…
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::cardiovascular system}} is composed of {{c2::the heart}} and {{c3::blood vessels}}
Published	04/06/2024	The heart weighs approximately {{c1::250-300g}} and moves {{c2::7, 000 - 9, 000L}} of blood daily
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::point of maximal impulse (PMI)}} is located on the {{c2::left anterior}} portion of the chest at the {{c3::fifth intercostal space}}, on the…
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::pericardium}} is a {{c2::tough, fibrous sac}} {{c3::surrounding the heart}} which contains {{c4::~30mL of serrous fluid }}
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::wall of the heart}} consists of the {{c2::epicardium}}, {{c3::myocardium}}, and {{c4::endocardium}}
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::epicardium}} is a {{c2::thin serous membrane}} making the {{c3::outermost layer}} of the heart
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::myocardium}} is the {{c2::muscular portion}} of the cardiac wall between the {{c3::epicardium and endocardium}}
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::endocardium}} is a {{c2::smooth layer of connective tissue}} lining the {{c3::inside}} of the heart
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=-0.0068:top=.2351:width=.2226:height=.0752}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=-0.0053:top=.4549:width=.1434:height=.0515…
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0205:top=.1084:width=.0778:height=.0752}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0161:top=.3044:width=.182:height=.0495}}{{c…
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4388:top=-0.0027:width=.2508:height=.0634}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0187:top=.1203:width=.1892:height=.1229}}…
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::coronary sulcus}} separates the {{c2::atria}} from the {{c3::ventricles}}
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::coronary sinus}} is a large vessel that {{c2::collects venous blood}} and {{c3::empties into the right atrium}} of the heart
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::atrioventricular (AV) valves}} separate the {{c2::atria and ventricles}}, and {{c3::prevent backflow}} of blood during {{c4::ventricular con…
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::triscupid valve}} separates the {{c2::right}} atria from the {{c3::right}} ventricle
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::mitral}} valve separates the {{c2::left}} atria and {{c3::left}} ventricle
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::chordae tendinae}} anchor the {{c2::tricuspid}} and {{c3::mitral}} valve to {{c4::prevent them from prolapsing}}
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::chordae tendineae}} are attached to {{c2::papillary muscles}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Semilunar}} valves separate the {{c2::ventricles}} from {{c3::pulmonary}} or {{c4::systemic}} circulation
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::pulmonic}} valve separates the {{c2::right}} ventricle from the {{c3::pulmonary}} artery
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::aortic}} valve separates the {{c2::left}} ventricle from the {{c3::aorta}}
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::cardiac cycle}} consists of a {{c2::complete phase}} of chamber {{c3::relaxation}} followed by {{c4::contraction}}
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::interventricular septum}} separates the {{c2::right and left ventricles}} of the heart
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0889:top=.0291:width=.2583:height=.1065}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0833:top=.1928:width=.1919:height=.1045}}{{…
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0446:top=.0389:width=.0892:height=.0236}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4701:top=.0231:width=.1075:height=.0276}}{{…
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3961:top=.0449:width=.1168:height=.0394}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4364:top=.1553:width=.0967:height=.0335}}{{…
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1241:top=.8101:width=.1052:height=.0316}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1262:top=.7016:width=.1052:height=.0237}}{{…
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2431:top=.1119:width=.1761:height=.0454}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2527:top=.1829:width=.1627:height=.0276}}{{…
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::Haldane effect}} occurs due to hemoglobins {{c2::decreased affinity for CO2}} due to an {{c3::increased partial pressure of O2}} or {{c4::in…
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::Bohr effect}} occurs due to hemoglobins {{c2::decreased affinity for O2}} due to the {{c3::increased partial pressure of CO2}} or {{c4::decr…
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::Bohr effect}} occurs in the {{c2::body's tissues}} to {{c3::deliver oxygen}} and {{c4::pickup carbon dioxide}}
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::Haldane effect}} occurs in the {{c2::lungs}} to {{c3::drop off carbon dioxide}} and {{c4::pickup oxygen}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::R-state}} hemoglobin has a {{c2::high affinity}} for O2 and a {{c3::low affinity}} for CO2
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::T-state}} hemoglobin has a {{c2::low affinity}} for O2 and a {{c3::high affinity}} for CO2
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Charle's}} gas law states that the {{c2::volume of a gas}} is {{c3::directly proportional}} to the {{c4::temperature}} when the {{c5::pressure}}…
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Boyle's}} gas law states that the {{c2::pressure}} of a gas is {{c3::inversely proportional}} to the {{c4::volume}} when the {{c5::temperature}}…
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Dalton's}} gas law states that the {{c2::total pressure}} of a mixture of gases is {{c3::equal to the sum of the parital pressures of the compon…
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Henry's}} gas law states that if the {{c2::pressure of a gas over a liquid increases}}, the {{c3::amount of gas dissolved}} in the liquid will {…
Published	04/06/2024	Charle's gas law formula
Published	04/06/2024	Boyle's gas law formula
Published	04/06/2024	Dalton's gas law formula
Published	04/06/2024	Henry's gas law formula
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Neurological}} {{c2::ventilatory control}} occurs in the {{c3::medulla}} and the {{c4::pons}}
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::medulla}} consists of the {{c2::respiratory rhythmicity}} centre, the {{c3::apneustic}} centre, and the {{c4::pneumotaxic}} centre
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::respiratory rhythmicity centre}} sets the {{c2::intrinsic breathing rate}}
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::apneustic centre}} {{c2::increases}} the {{c3::number of inhalations}} per minute
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::pneumotaxic centre}} {{c2::inhibits respiration}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Stretch}} receptors in the {{c2::bronchioles}} and {{c3::chest wall}} activate the {{c4::Hering-Bruer reflex}} to {{c5::terminate inhalation}}
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::Hering-Bruer}} reflex is stimulated by {{c2::inflation of the lung}} during inspiration and {{c3::prevents over-inflation of the lungs}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Chemoreceptors}} located in the {{c2::aortic arch}} and {{c3::carotid bodies}} monitor {{c4::pO2}} and {{c5::pCO2}} levels in the {{c6::blood}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Chemoreceptors}} located {{c2::adjacent}} to the {{c3::Medulla}} monitor the {{c4::pH}} of the {{c5::CSF}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Tidal volume (TV)}} is the {{c2::volume}} of air moved with {{c3::each respiratory cycle}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Anatomical dead space}} are the portions of the airway {{c2::not involved in active gas exchang}}e including the {{c3::pharynx}}, {{c4::trachea}…
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Physiologic dead space}} are alveoli that are {{c2::damaged}} or {{c3::infected}} and no longer participate in active gas exchange
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Alveolar volume}} is the amount of {{c2::air that reaches the alveoli}} to {{c3::participate in active gas exchange}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)}} is the {{c2::maximal amount}} that can be {{c3::exhaled}} following relaxed exhalation
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)}} is the maximal amount that can be {{c2::inhaled}} following {{c3::relaxed inhalation}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Inspiratory capacity}} = {{c2::inspiratory reserve volume}} + {{c3::tidal volume}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Functional residual capacity}} = {{c2::expiratory reserve volume}} + {{c3::reserve volume}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Total lung capacity}} = {{c2::inspiratory reserve volume}} + {{c3::tidal volume}} + {{c4::expiratory reserve volume}} + {{c5::reserve volume}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid (2, 3-BPG)}} is an {{c4::allosteric effector}} that binds to {{c2::deoxygenated}} hemoglobin, {{c3::decreasing}} the…
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::right}} atrium collects {{c2::deoxygenated venous blood}}, which passes to the {{c3::right}} ventricle, then the {{c4::pulmonary artery}} to…
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::venae cavae}} and the {{c2::coronary sinus}} drain into the {{c3::right atrium}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.8059:top=.9482:width=.1854:height=.0296}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.8059:top=.8081:width=.1508:height=.0296}}{{…
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::left}} atrium collects {{c2::oxygenated arterial blood}}, which passes to the {{c3::left}} ventricle, then the {{c4::ascending aorta}} and t…
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Systemic circulation}} is made up of all blood vessels beyond the {{c2::left ventricle}} to the {{c3::right atrium}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Pulmonary circulation}} consists of the blood vessels between the {{c2::right ventricle}} and the {{c3::left atrium}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Right sided}} heart failure will result in fluid backup to {{c2::systemic circulation}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Left sided}} heart failure will result in backup to the {{c2::pulmonary circulation}}
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::tunica adventitia}} is the protective, fibrous {{c2::outer layer}} of blood vessels
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::tunica media}} is the {{c2::middle layer}} of blood vessels consisting of {{c3::elastic fibre}}s and {{c4::msucle}}
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::tunica intima}} is the {{c2::smooth inner lining}} of blood vessels
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3064:top=.0508:width=.1888:height=.0414}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.9264:top=.2618:width=.0653:height=.0513}}{{…
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Arteries}} are {{c3::thick-walled, muscular}} vessels that carry blood {{c2::away from the heart}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Veins}} are {{c2::thin-walled vessels}} that carry blood {{c3::towards the heart}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Cardiac output}} is the {{c3::amount of blood pumped out by either ventricle}}; {{c2::5-6L/m}} in the average adult
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Stroke volume}} is the {{c4::amount of blood pumped out by either ventricle}} in a {{c2::single contraction}}; {{c3::60-100mL}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Heart rate}} is the number of {{c2::cardiac contractions per minute}}; {{c3::60-100bpm}}
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Cardiac output}} = {{c3::stroke volume}} x {{c2::heart rate}}
Published	04/06/2024	The {{c1::Frank-Starling Mechanism}} is the heart's physiological ability to {{c2::change its contraction force}}, and therefore stroke volume, i…
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Afterload}} is the pressure against which the heart contracts to circulate blood
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Inotropy}} is the ability of the heart to change the {{c2::strength of its contractions}}, without changing the {{c3::amount of stretch in the m…
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::Chronotropy}} is the {{c2::rate}} at which the heart contracts
Published	04/06/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7599:top=.3565:width=.1309:height=.0375}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7633:top=.536:width=.1531:height=.0789}}{{c…
Published	04/10/2024	{{c3::pH values}} {{c4::incompatible with life}}:{{c2::6.8}}{{c1::7.8}}
Published	04/10/2024	{{c2::Normal pH}}: {{c1::7.35 - 7.45}}
Published	04/10/2024	PaCO2 normal value: {{c1::40mmHg}}; normal range: 35-45mmHg
Published	04/10/2024	PaO2 normal value: {{c1::100mmHg}}; normal range: {{c2::80-100mmHg}}
Published	04/10/2024	{{c3::HCO3}} normal value: {{c1::24 mEq/L}}; normal range: {{c2::22-26 mEq/L}}
Published	04/10/2024	{{c1::Base excess}} normal value: {{c2::± 2 mEq/L}}; normal range: {{c3::-2-3 mEq/L}}
Published	04/10/2024	{{c3::SpO2}}: normal value {{c1::97%}}; normal range {{c2::>95%}}
Published	04/10/2024	{{c1::Respiratory acidosis}}: pH {{c2::decreased (<7.35)}}, RR {{c3::decreased}}, CO2 {{c4::increased (>45mmHg)}}, HCO3 {{c5::normal (22-26mEq/L…
Published	04/10/2024	{{c5::Respiratory alkalosis}}: pH {{c1::increased (>7.45)}}, RR {{c2::increased}}, CO2 {{c3::decreased (<35mmHg)}}, HCO3 {{c4::normal (22-26mEq/…
Published	04/10/2024	{{c1::Metabolic acidosis}}: pH {{c2::decreased (<7.34)}}, CO2 {{c3::normal (35-45mmHg)}}, HCO3 {{c4::decreased (<22mEq/L)}}
Published	04/10/2024	{{c4::Metabolic alkalosis}}: pH {{c1::increased (>7.45)}}, CO2 {{c2::normal (35-45mmHg)}}, HCO3 {{c3::increased (>26mEq/L)}}
Published	04/10/2024	Patients on {{c2::higher FiO2}} should see {{c3::PO2 blood gas}} of {{c1::4-5x}} the FiO2
Published	04/12/2024	Diabetes Mellitus has {{c1::two}} types:Type 1: the {{c2::pancreas}} is damaged, and unable to {{c3::produce insulin}} in high enough levels to {{c4::…
Published	04/12/2024	Frequent symptoms of diabetes:{{c1::Polyuria}} ({{c4::frequent urination}}){{c2::Polydipsia}} ({{c5::increased thirst}}){{c3::Polyfagia}} ({{c6::incre…
Status	Last Update	Fields