Notes in 17DigestiveAccessories

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	How many sets of dentitions do humans have in their lifetime?{{c1::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Two sets of dentition{{c1::1. Deciduous teeth (primary)2. Permanent teeth (secondary)}}
Published	07/30/2024	How many deciduous teeth are there in total?{{c1::20}}
Published	07/30/2024	How many permanent teeth are there in total?{{c1::32}}
Published	07/30/2024	Wisdom teeth are more technically called {{c1::third molars}}
Published	07/30/2024	Permenant teeth on one side:{{c1::1. Central incisor2. Lateral incisor3. Canine4. First premolar5. Second premolar6. First molar7. Second molar8. Thir…
Published	07/30/2024	Deciduous teeth on one side:{{c1::1. Central incisor2. Lateral incisor3. Canine4. First molar5. Second molar}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Impacted Tooth}} occurs when tooth remains embedded in the jawbone instead of emerging normally, thus pushing on the roots of other teeth
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Incisors::teeth}} are adapted for {{c2::nipping off pieces of food}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Canines::teeth}} are adapted for {{c2::tearing and piercing food}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Premolars and molars::teeth}} are adapted for {{c2::grinding food}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Canines}} are aka {{c1::cuspids or eyeteeth}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Premolars}} are aka {{c1::bicuspids}}
Published	07/30/2024	How many cusps are there in a molar{{c1::4–5}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::dental formula}} is a shorthand way of indicating the numbers and relative positions of the different classes of teeth in the mouth
Published	07/30/2024	Innervation{{c1::Upper teeth::teeth}} → {{c2::superior alveolar nerve::nerve supply}} → {{c3::CN V2 (maxillary)::nerve of origin}}
Published	07/30/2024	Innervation{{c1::Lower teeth::teeth}} → {{c2::inferior alveolar nerve::nerve supply}} → {{c3::CN V3 (mandibular)::nerve of origin}}
Published	07/30/2024	Vascular supply of the teethUpper teeth - {{c1::superior alveolar arteries}}Lower teeth - {{c1::inferior alveolar arteries}}
Published	07/30/2024	The superior and inferior alveolar arteries are branches of the {{c1::maxillary artery}}
Published	07/30/2024	Two main regions of a tooth{{c1::1. Crown2. Root}}
Published	07/30/2024	The crown and root of a tooth meets at the {{c1::neck}}
Published	07/30/2024	The surface of the crown is covered by a layer of {{c1::enamel}}
Published	07/30/2024	It is the hardest substance in the body{{c1::enamel}}
Published	07/30/2024	The mass of enamel consists of densely packed {{c1::hydroxyapatite crystals}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::dentin}} underlies the enamal cap and forms the bulk of the tooth
Published	07/30/2024	Radial striations of the dentin {{c1::Dentinal tubules}}
Published	07/30/2024	Dentin is {{c1::harder::softer/harder}} than bone
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::pulp cavity}} contains the {{c2::dental pulp}}, a loose connective tissue housing the tooth's vessels and nerves
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c2::pulp cavity}} extends to the root of the tooth as the {{c1::root canal}}
Published	07/30/2024	The opening into the root canal at the tip of the root of the tooth{{c1::Apical foramen}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::cement}} is a calcified connective tissue that attaches the tooth to the {{c2::peridontal ligament (periodontium)}} which anchors the tooth to t…
Published	07/30/2024	The periodontal ligament is continuous with the {{c1::gingiva}} at the {{c2::neck of the tooth}}
Published	07/30/2024	Calcified plaque{{c1::Calculus (tartar)}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Periodontitis}} occurs when the periodontal ligament dissolve away the bone around the tooth
Published	07/30/2024	Classification of salivary glands{{c1::1. Intrinsic salivary glands (minor)2. Extrinsic salivary glands (major)}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Intrinsic}} salivary glands keeps the mouth moist at all times
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Extrinsic}} salivary glands secrete saliva via ducts during or in anticipation of a meal
Published	07/30/2024	The parotid glands lies {{c1::anterior::orientation}} to the ear
Published	07/30/2024	The parotid lies between the {{c1::masseter muscle}} and {{c2::overlying skin}}
Published	07/30/2024	Salivary secretion of salivary glands{{c1::Parotid gland → parotid duct::gland/duct}} → {{c2::lateral to second upper molar::opening}}
Published	07/30/2024	Salivary secretion of salivary glands{{c1::Submandibular gland → submandibular duct::gland/duct}} → {{c2::floor, lateral to lingual frenulum::opening}…
Published	07/30/2024	Salivary secretion of salivary glands{{c1::Sublingual gland → sublingual ducts::gland/duct}} → {{c2::floor of oral cavity (10–12)::opening}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::sublingual gland::salivary gland}} have about {{c2::10–12::n}} ducts that open into the mouth
Published	07/30/2024	Type of gland (structurally)Parotid - {{c1::compound acinar}}Submandibular - {{c1::compound tubuloacinar}}Sublingual - {{c1::compound tubuloacinar}}
Published	07/30/2024	Whereas other two extrinsic salivary glands are compound tubuloacinar, the {{c1::parotid gland}} is a {{c1::compound acinar gland}}
Published	07/30/2024	The salivary gland that is composed of serous and mucus cells roughly equally{{c1::Submandibular gland}}
Published	07/30/2024	The liver is found in what regions of the abdomen (9 regions){{c1::1. Right hypochondriac2. Epigastric3. Left hypochondriac}}
Published	07/30/2024	Two surfaces of the liver{{c1::1. Diaphragmatic surface (superoanterior)2. Visceral surface (posteroinferior)}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::bare area}} of the liver is fused to the {{c2::diaphragm}} without peritoneum
Published	07/30/2024	Which area of the liver is devoid of peritoneum{{c1::Bare area}}
Published	07/30/2024	The right and left lobes of the liver are divided by the {{c1::falciform ligament}} on the diaphragmatic surface
Published	07/30/2024	The right and left lobes of the liver are divided by the {{c1::fissure of ligamentum venosum}} on the visceral surface
Published	07/30/2024	Lobes of the liver{{c1::1. Right lobe2. Left lobe3. Caudate lobe4. Quadrate lobe}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c2::caudate}} lobe and {{c2::quadrate}} lobe of the liver are seen only on the {{c1::visceral}} surface
Published	07/30/2024	The caudate lobe and quadrate lobe are located just to the {{c1::right}} of the fissure
Published	07/30/2024	{{c3::gallbladder}} lies immediately to the {{c1::right}} of the {{c2::quadrate}} lobe
Published	07/30/2024	{{c3::inferior vena cava}} lies to {{c1::right}} of the {{c2::caudate}} lobe
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Porta hepatis}} is a fissure that runs along the {{c2::inferior}} surface of the liver where most major vessels pass through
Published	07/30/2024	What goes through the porta hepatis{{c1::1. Hepatic portal vein (RL)2. Hepatic artery proper (RL)3. Hepatic ducts (RL)}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ligamentum teres hepatis}} is the remnant of the fetal {{c2::umbilical vein}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ligamentum venosum}} the remnant of the fetal {{c2::ductus venosus}}
Published	07/30/2024	The ligamentum venosum is {{c1::superior::orientation}} to the ligamentum teres
Published	07/30/2024	vein at the center of hepatic lobules are the {{c1::central veins}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hepatic lobule}} is a {{c2::hexagon}}-shaped lobule of the liver that consists of a {{c3::central vein::center}} surrounded by {{c4::portal…
Published	07/30/2024	interlobular veins{{c1::amboss }}Between the plates of hepatocytes are large capillaries, the liver sinusoids. Near the portal triads, these sinu…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Hepatic sinusoids}} receive blood from the{{c1::1. Portal veins2. Hepatic arteries}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Central}} veins drain into the {{c2::hepatic}} vein via {{c3::interlobular}} veins
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hepatic sinusoids}} occur between the basolateral surfaces of hepatocytes
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Bile canaliculi}} occur between the apical surfaces of hepatocytes
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Stellate macrophages}} are specialized cells that resides in the {{c2::liver sinusoids}} that function primarily to clear aged red blood cells a…
Published	07/30/2024	Bile flowing through bile canaliculi empties into the the {{c1::bile ducts}} in the portal triads
Published	07/30/2024	Mnemonic/Retrieval CuesPORTAL TRIADHepatic artery → {{c1::liver sinusoids}}Portal vein → {{c1::liver sinusoids}}Bile duct ← {{c1::bile canaliculi}}
Published	07/30/2024	liver stem cells are located near the {{c1::bile ducts at the portal triads}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cirrhosis}} is the replacement of liver tissue with {{c2::scar}} tissue secondary to chronic liver damage
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::fundus}} of the gallbladder protudes from the liver's inferior margin
Published	07/30/2024	82721aadab0b48b397d76d953f1c4471-ao-1
Published	07/30/2024	82721aadab0b48b397d76d953f1c4471-ao-2
Published	07/30/2024	82721aadab0b48b397d76d953f1c4471-ao-3
Published	07/30/2024	82721aadab0b48b397d76d953f1c4471-ao-4
Published	07/30/2024	the {{c1::fundus of gallbladder}} can be located at the intersection of the {{c2::linea semilunaris}} and {{c2::costal margin}}
Published	07/30/2024	What forms the {{c2::common bile duct}}{{c1::1. Cystic duct2. Common Hepatic duct}}
Published	07/30/2024	Epithelium type of the galbladder mucosa{{c1::Simple columnar epithelium}}
Published	07/30/2024	Layers of the gallbladder{{c1::1. Mucosa2. Smooth muscle (one layer)3. Connective tissue + serosa}}
Published	07/30/2024	Gallbladder has how many layers of smooth muscle?{{c1::one::n}}
Published	07/30/2024	The tail of the pancreas touches the {{c1::spleen}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ducts of the pancreas{{c1::1. Main pancreatic duct (Duct of Wirsung)2. Accessory pancreatic duct (Duct of Santorini)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Inactive pancreatic enzymes or secreteory granules are called{{c1::zymogens}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Intestinal obstruction}} is any interruption of the normal passage of intestinal contents either due to a {{c2::functional}} or {{c2::mechanical…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Inflammatory bowel disease}} is a group of conditions characterized by {{c2::recurrent}} inflammation of the {{c3::intestine}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hepatitis}} is the general term for any inflammation of the liver
Published	07/30/2024	Hepatitis transmitted {{c2::via fecal-oral route::how}}{{c1::Hepatitis A}}
Published	07/30/2024	The caudal part of the early {{c1::hindgut}} joins a tubelike outpocketing called the {{c2::allantois}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Cloaca}} is the expanded junction between the {{c1::hindgut}} and the {{c1::allantois}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Stomodeum}} forms during embryonic development as a result of deep depression by the {{c2::buccopharyngeal membrane}} due to {{c3::expansion of …
Published	07/30/2024	Meckel's diverticulum is an outpouching of the {{c1::ileum}} that results developmental complication
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::volvulus}} is a twisting of an intraperitoneal loop of intestines around its mesentery and causes {{c2::strangulation}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Gastroenteritis}} is an inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract that usually manifests with diarrhea, vomiting, or abdominal pain.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)}} is a procedure used to treat recurrent {{c2::C. difficile}} infections in patients who have not re…
Published	07/30/2024	Liver biopsy is taken by needle through what intercostal spaces{{c1::7th, 8th, 9th}}
Published	07/30/2024	Liver biopsy is taken during {{c1::expiration::inspiration/expiration}}
Published	07/30/2024	Two most common forms of inflammatory bowel disease{{c1::1. Crohn's disease2. Ulcerative colitis}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::perisinusoidal space}} separates the {{c2::hepatocytes}} from the {{c2::hepatic sinusoids}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ligamentum venosum::ligament}} lies between the {{c2::caudate}} lobe and {{c2::left}} lobe of the liver
Published	07/30/2024	Ligamentum venosum can communicate with the {{c1::portal}} vein
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ligamentum venosum::ligament}} often continues as the {{c2::ligamentum teres::ligament}}
Published	07/30/2024	Hepatic veins include:{{c1::1. Left hepatic vein2. Right hepatic vein3. Middle hepatic vein4. Minor hepatic veins (1–5)}}
Published	07/30/2024	The caudate lobe and qadrate lobe are separated by the {{c1::porta hepatis}}
Published	07/30/2024	The caudate lobe is bounded on the left by the {{c1::fissure for ligamentum venosum}}
Published	07/30/2024	The caudate lobe is bounded on the right by the {{c1::inferior vena cava}}
Published	07/30/2024	Immediately to the {{c2::right}} of the {{c1::caudate}} lobe is the inferior vena cava
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Laparoscopic surgery}} is a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which instruments and a camera are introduced into the {{c2::abdominal…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Rectocele}} is a herniation of the {{c2::front}} wall of the rectum into the {{c2::vaginal canal}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ascites}} is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the {{c2::peritoneal cavity}}
Published	07/30/2024	Hepatitis transmitted via body fluids (parentally, perinatally, sexually){{c1::1. Hepatitis B2. Hepatitis C}}
Published	07/30/2024	Hepatitis {{c1::D}} virus can only cause infection if cells are coinfected with Hepatitis {{c1::B}} virus
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Proctodeum}} is a depression derived from {{c2::ecto}}dermal tissue that is located at the caudal end of the embryo and develops into the anal c…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::liver}} is the largest gland in the body, weighing about 1.4 kg (3 pounds) in an average adult.
Published	07/30/2024	The liver's digestive function is to produce {{c1::bile}}, a green alkaline liquid that is stored in the {{c2::gallbladder}} and secreted into the {{c…
Published	07/30/2024	Functions of the liver:• {{c1::Picks up glucose from nutrient-rich blood returning from the alimentary canal and stores this carbohydrate as glycogen …
Published	07/30/2024	Almost all liver functions are carried out by a type of cell called a {{c1::hepatocyte (hep′ah-to-sı¯t″)}}, or simply a liver cell.
Published	07/30/2024	The liver lies {{c1::inferior::location}} to the diaphragm in the {{c2::right superior::quadrant}} part of the abdominal cavity
Published	07/30/2024	the liver fills much of the {{c1::right hypochondriac}} and {{c2::epigastric}} regions and extending into the {{c3::left hypochondriac}} region.
Published	07/30/2024	The liver lies almost entirely within the {{c1::rib cage}}, which protects this highly vascular organ from blows that could rupture it.
Published	07/30/2024	The liver is shaped like a wedge, the wide base of which faces {{c2::right}} and the narrow apex of which lies just inferior to the level of the {{c1:…
Published	07/30/2024	The liver has two surfaces: the {{c1::diaphragmatic}} and {{c1::visceral}} surfaces
Published	07/30/2024	The diaphragmatic surface faces {{c1::anteriorly and superiorly}}, whereas the visceral surface faces {{c1::posteroinferiorly}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Even though most of the liver is covered with a layer of {{c1::visceral peritoneum}}, the superior part, called the {{c2::bare area}}, is fused to the…
Published	07/30/2024	The liver has a right lobe and a left lobe, which traditionally were considered to be divided by the {{c1::falciform ligament}} on the {{c2::ante…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::falciform ligament}} is a vertical mesentery that binds the liver to the {{c2::anterior}} abdominal wall, and the {{c3::fissure}} is a deep …
Published	07/30/2024	Two other liver lobes, the {{c1::quadrate}} lobe and the {{c1::caudate}} lobe, are visible on the {{c2::visceral}} surface just to the {{c3::right::lo…
Published	07/30/2024	An important area near the center of the visceral surface is the {{c1::porta hepatis (por′tah hep-ah′- tis; “gateway to the liver”)}}, where most of t…
Published	07/30/2024	The right and left branches of the {{c1::hepatic portal vein}}, which carry nutrient-rich blood from the {{c2::stomach and intestines}}, enter the {{c…
Published	07/30/2024	The right and left hepatic ducts, which carry bile from the respective liver lobes, exit from the {{c1::porta hepatis}} and fuse to form the {{c2::com…
Published	07/30/2024	Autonomic nerves reach the liver from the {{c1::celiac}} plexus and consist of both {{c2::sympathetic}} and {{c2::parasympathetic (vagal)}} fibers.
Published	07/30/2024	Other important structures on the liver’s visceral surface are the {{c1::gallbladder}} and the {{c2::inferior vena cava}}, which lie to the {{c3::righ…
Published	07/30/2024	Lying in the fissure’s {{c1::inferior}} half is the round ligament of liver, or {{c2::ligamentum teres (teres = round)}}. This cordlike ligament, the …
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::superior}} half o fthe liver's fissure contains the {{c2::ligamentum venosum}}, a cordlike remnant of the {{c3::ductus venosus of the fetus}…
Published	07/30/2024	The liver contains over a million classical {{c1::liver lobules}} each about the size of a sesame seed. Each lobule is shaped like a hexagonal (six-si…
Published	07/30/2024	At almost every corner of the lobule is a {{c1::portal triad (tri′ad; “three”)}}. The {{c1::portal triad}} contains three main vessels: a {{c2::portal…
Published	07/30/2024	The arterial blood supplies the hepatocytes with {{c1::oxygen}}, and blood from the portal vein delivers {{c1::substances from the intestines for proc…
Published	07/30/2024	Between the plates of hepatocytes are large capillaries, the {{c1::liver sinusoids}}. Near the {{c2::portal triads}}, these {{c1::sinusoids}} receive …
Published	07/30/2024	the central veins form {{c1::tributaries}} ({{c1::interlobular veins::vein name}}) that ultimately lead to the {{c2::hepatic veins}} and then to …
Published	07/30/2024	In the walls of the sinusoids are {{c1::stellate macrophages}} (or {{c1::hepatic macrophages}}), which destroy bacteria and other foreign particles in…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::liver sinusoids}} are lined by an exceptionally leaky, {{c2::fenestrated endothelium}}. Vast quantities of {{c3::blood plasma}} pour out of …
Published	07/30/2024	Hepatocytes possess a large number of many different organelles that enable them to carry out their many functions: (6)
Published	07/30/2024	The secreted bile enters tiny intercellular spaces or channels, called {{c1::bile canaliculi (“little canals”)}}, that lie between adjacent hepatocyte…
Published	07/30/2024	These canaliculi carry bile {{c1::outward::inward/outward}} through each lobule, emptying into the bile ducts in the portal triads.
Published	07/30/2024	progressive inflammation of the liver is called {{c1::cirrhosis (s˘ı-ro′sis; “orange-colored”)}}; it usually results from chronic alcoholism. Even tho…
Published	07/30/2024	Besides alcoholism, other causes of cirrhosis include {{c1::hepatitis}} and {{c1::autoimmune attack on the bile ducts}}.
Published	07/30/2024	T/Fextrinsic salivary glands are located OUTSIDE the oral cavity{{c1::T}}
Published	07/30/2024	Parotid duct emerges from the {{c1::anterior}} surface of the parotid gland and passes {{c2::superificial}} to the masseter
Published	07/30/2024	compression of an inflammed parotid gland is due to the {{c1::parotideomasseteric fascia}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ducts of salivary glandsParotid gland → {{c1::Stensen's}} ductSubmandibular gland → {{c1::Wharton's}} ductSublingual gland → {{c1::Rivinus'}} duct
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::gomphosis}} is a joint between the {{c2::root of a tooth}} and {{c2::alveolar process}}
Published	07/30/2024	First deciduous teeth erupt at around what age?{{c1::6 months old::age}}
Published	07/30/2024	Superior margin of the liver location relative to the ribsRight side → Left side{{c1::5th rib}} → {{c1::4th ICS}}
Published	07/30/2024	Majority of the blood in the hepatic sinusoids come from which vessel of the portal triad?{{c1::Portal vein}}
Published	07/30/2024	Parts of the galllbladder (4){{c1::1. fundus2. body3. neck4. cystic duct}}
Published	07/30/2024	Blood supply of the gallbladder{{c1::cystic artery}}
Published	07/30/2024	The pancreas is found in what regions of the abdomen (9 regions){{c1::1. Epigastric2. Left hypochondriac}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::head}} of the pancreas rests of on the {{c2::C-shaped curvature}} of the duodenum
Published	07/30/2024	Arrangement of the portal triad{{c2::Hepatic artery}} - {{c1::anterior left}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Glisson's capsule}} is a fibrous {{c2::inner}} layer of the heptic capsule that covers the entire liver (including the bare area)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Coronary ligament::ligament}} runs from,to{{c2::1. Diaphragm (inferior surface)2. Liver (superior and posterior surface}}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::triangular ligaments}} are asymmetrical bilateral extensions of the {{c2::coronary ligament}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Parasympathetic innervation of the liver:{{c1::vagus (anterior vagal trunk)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Sympathetic innervation of the liver:Spinal segments - {{c1::greater splanchnic nerves}}Ganglia - {{c1::celiac ganglion}}
Published	07/30/2024	Arrangement of the portal triad{{c2::Portal vein}} - {{c1::posterior}}
Published	07/30/2024	Arrangement of the portal triad{{c2::Bile duct}} - {{c1::anterior right}}
Published	07/30/2024	Sympathetic innervation the gallbladderSpinal segments - {{c1::greater splanchnic}}Ganglia - {{c1::celiac ganglion}}
Published	07/30/2024	Parasympathetic innervation the gallbladder{{c1::Vagus (anterior vagal trunk)}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c2::left}} triangular ligament is {{c1::longer}} than the {{c2::right}} triangular ligament
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::coronary}} ligament surrounds the {{c2::bare area}} of the liver
Published	07/30/2024	T/FThe Glisson's capsule does NOT cover the bare area of the liver{{c1::F}}
Published	07/30/2024	Parotid duct inserts deep into the to {{c1::buccal fat}} → {{c1::buccinator}}, → {{c1::buccal mucosa}} before finally opening into the 2nd upper …
Published	07/30/2024	The parotid gland is covered by the {{c1::parietideomassertic}} fascia
Published	07/30/2024	Terminal branches of the {{c1::facial}} nerve run through the {{c2::parortid}} gland, dividing it into {{c3::superficial}} and {{c3::deep}} lobes
Published	07/30/2024	What are the first deciduous teeth to erupt?{{c1::Lower central incisors}}
Published	07/30/2024	All deciduous teeth have erupted by around what age? {{c1::2 years old::age}}
Published	07/30/2024	Eruption of permanent teeth (except third molars) occur around what age?{{c1::6–12 years old::age}}
Published	07/30/2024	The third molars usually erupt at around what age?{{c1::17–25 years old::age}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::uncinate process}} of pancreas that hooks around the {{c2::superior mesentery}} artery
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