Notes in PH.S1.L04.HEART FAILURE MEDICATIONS

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Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Heart Failure}} results from {{c2:structural}} or {{c3::functional}} impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood.
Published	10/21/2024	What are the two cardinal clinical symptoms of Heart Failure?Dyspnea and OrthopneaDyspnea and FatigueFatigue and AnginaFatigue and Dizziness
Published	10/21/2024	What are the two signs of Heart Failure?Edema and RhonchiEdema and RalesRales and RhonchiRales and Lymphedema
Published	10/21/2024	What is the one-year mortality rate for heart failure? 10% 24%16% 8.2%
Published	10/21/2024	The most common etiologic factor for heart failure is {{c1::hypertension}}.
Published	10/21/2024	In heart failure statistics, {{c1::1 in 4}} patients will be gone within a year due to heart failure.
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Left-sided}} heart failure→ LV fails to pump leading to impaired forward flow→ Blood accumulates in the {{c1::LV}} and backs up to the lungs
Published	10/21/2024	→ Consequences of left-sided HF: • {{c1::Decreased perfusion in the brain}} • {{c1::Congestion in the lungs}}
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Right-sided heart failure}}→ {{c1::RV}} fails to pump blood to the lungs→ Backflow is reversed
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Right-sided::Left-sided/Right-sided}} heart failure cause hepatic, ascitic leg edema
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::::}}
Published	10/21/2024	Cardiovascular death, including sudden cardiac death and progressive heart failure, is more commonHFrEFHEpEF
Published	10/21/2024	Non-cardiovascular deaths are more frequent▪ Ex., renal failure, stroke and infections▪ Though cardiovascular death, including progressive heart failu…
Published	10/21/2024	GOALS OF MANAGEMENTReducing {{c1::symptoms}} and slowing {{c1::progression}} as much as possible during relatively stable periodsManaging {{c1::acute …
Published	10/21/2024	Patients considered to be At-Risk for HF are the following except:Patients without current or previous symptoms of HFPatients without structural/funct…
Published	10/21/2024	Which stage of heart failure indicates a patient has no symptoms but already have structural heart disease (e.g. valvular defect)?
Published	10/21/2024	Stage C: Symptomatic HF pertains to patients with ________
Published	10/21/2024	Risk factors and increased levels of {{c1::natriuretic peptide}} and {{c2::cardiac troponin}} with absence of competing diagnoses are indicative of St…
Published	10/21/2024	Arrange the following in order of progression according to stages of HF:i. Patients w/ HTN, CVD, diabetesii. Patients w/ marked HF symptoms interferin…
Published	10/21/2024	True/False: Easy fatigability is the most common initial symptom for Stage C: Symptomatic HF.
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::::}}
Published	10/21/2024	Refers to how much blood the left ventricle pumps out with each contraction
Published	10/21/2024	Normal heart’s EF is {{c1::55}} to {{c1::70}} %
Published	10/21/2024	Used to evaluate the myocardial wall activity and also to evaluate CHF
Published	10/21/2024	What’s the normal EF in transthoracic echocardiography?
Published	10/21/2024	What is considered a low EF in transthoracic echocardiography?
Published	10/21/2024	EF in 2D Echo with Global Hypokinesia
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::::}}
Published	10/21/2024	Often used as a first-line of treatment in combination with other medications for HF
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::::}}
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::::}}
Published	10/21/2024	Effects of these drugs include arteriolar and venous dilation, reduce aldosterone secretion as well as cardiac remodeling
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::::}}
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::ARNI (Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitor)}}→ Considered as a best drug for HF→ Combines the effects of a {{c1::neprilysin inhibitor (Sacu…
Published	10/21/2024	These are used for patients with acute decompensated HF or those who are hypotensive
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::::}}
Published	10/21/2024	Symptoms of Typical Acute Decompensation
Published	10/21/2024	What is the management for Normotensive and Hypertensive Acute Decompensation
Published	10/21/2024	Pulmonary Edema in AD presents with?
Published	10/21/2024	Aside from vasodilators and diuretics, what is administered to PE patients as part of the management?
Published	10/21/2024	Severe form of AD includes {{c1::Low Output}} and {{c2::Cardiogenic Shock}}
Published	10/21/2024	Low Output AD manifest with {{c1::hypoperfusion}} (e.g., cool extremities tachycardia)Management includes administration of {{c2::vasodilators}} and {…
Published	10/21/2024	Cardiogenic Shock manifest with abrupt drop in blood pressure {{c1::below 90 mmHg systolic}}, and loss of {{c2::arterial pressure}}Management includes…
Published	10/21/2024	This is the associated HF type when patients are prone to low output and cardiogenic shock
Published	10/21/2024
Published	10/21/2024	What type of drug is recommended to manage pre-HF patients w/ LVEF <40% according to COR?
Published	10/21/2024	What type of drug is recommended to manage pre-HF patients with previous MI or ACS (acute coronary syndrome) (regardless of the level of cholesterol)?
Published	10/21/2024	If patient is in pre-HF stage, has recent MI with LVEF <40%, and intolerant to ACEi (ACE inhibitor) what must be given?
Published	10/21/2024	If a patient is in pre-HF stage, has recent/remote history of MI or ACS with LVEF <40%, and intolerant to ACEi (ACE inhibitor) what must be given?
Published	10/21/2024	ICD (implantable cardiac defibrillator device) is recommended for patients with {{c1::HFrEF}}; {{c2::40}} days post-MI; NYHA class {{c3::1}}; expected…
Published	10/21/2024	In patients w/ LVEF <40%, this must be given to prevent symptomatic HF
Published	10/21/2024	In patients w/ LVEF <50%, {{c1::thiazolidinediones}} should not be used because they increase risk of HF, including hospitalizations.
Published	10/21/2024	In patients w/ LVEF <50%, {{c1::non dihydropyridine Ca-channel blockers}} with negative inotropic effects may be harmful.
Published	10/21/2024	Stage C HF: Structural Disease + {{c1::Prior or Current Heart Failure Symptoms}}Management typically includes medications, lifestyle changes, and poss…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Advanced Heart Failure}} + {{c2::End Stage}} + {{c3::Refractory Heart Failure Symptoms}} Not responsive to standard treatmentsManagement may inv…
Published	10/21/2024	Steps in Stage D HF Management:Step 1: {{c1::Establish Diagnosis}}Step 2: {{c2::Titration}}Step 3: {{c3::Consider patient scenarios}}Step 4: {{c4::Imp…
Published	10/21/2024	True or False:SGLT2 inhibitor is an antihypertensive medication.
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::ACE inhibitors or ARNI}} {{c2::beta-blockers}} {{c3::MRAs}} {{c4::SGLT2 inhibitors}} {{c5::diuretics}} are the drugs that are included in Guidel…
Published	10/21/2024	Cardiac Death→ Due to {{c1::ventricular arrhythmias}}→ Mode of death in 50% of patients with HF
Published	10/21/2024	ICD Indication→ Degree of {{c1::residual left ventricular dysfunction}} despite optimal medical therapy {{c1::(≤35)}}→ Underlying etiology ▪ …
Published	10/21/2024	ICD Indication→ Degree of residual left ventricular dysfunction despite optimal medical therapy (≤35)→ Underlying etiology ▪ {{c1::Post-myoca…
Published	10/21/2024	Under ICD Indication, myocardial infarction is already on optimal medical therapy with residual LVEF ≤30% (even when asymptomatic) {{c1::TRUE::TRUE/FA…
Published	10/21/2024	Cardiologist with a subspeciality in {{c1::interventional cardiology}} is in-charge of placing ICD
Published	10/21/2024	Discuss end-of-life preferences when patients are comfortable in outpatient setting
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