Notes in MCBD Exam 2

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	11/16/2023	Sucrose
Published	11/16/2023	Lactose
Published	11/16/2023	Maltose
Published	11/16/2023	How many monosaccarides do oligosaccharides contain?
Published	11/16/2023	How many monosaccharides do polysaccharides contain?
Published	11/16/2023	Starch is a polysaccharide polymer of glucose with what linkages?
Published	11/16/2023	What is starch catabolized by?
Published	11/16/2023	Glycogen is a polymer of glucose with what linkages and where is it located?
Published	11/16/2023	Inulin is a polymer of what and is used for what?
Published	11/16/2023	Glycosaminoglycans(mucopolysaccharides, GAGs) contain repeating disaccharide units and are located where?
Published	11/16/2023	Glycosaminoglycans are highly negatively charged...
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Published	11/16/2023	Proteoglycans are a core protein meaning they are rich in _______. They are attached to GAGS. and are located in the ECM.
Published	11/16/2023	Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide with glucose monomers with ______ glycosidic linkages.
Published	11/16/2023	Describe starch digestion.
Published	11/16/2023	What enzyme catalyses glucose being added to sucrose, making glucans?
Published	11/16/2023	What enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the addition of fructose to sucrose, making fructan polymers?
Published	11/16/2023	______ comprises 10–20% dry weight of dental plaque
Published	11/16/2023	________ is branched glucan that modulates bacterial adhesion.
Published	11/16/2023	_________ is a bacterial polysaccharide that contributes to the formation of extracellular polysaccharide matrix and promotes plaque formation
Published	11/16/2023	Structual molecule, lubrication, transport, immune function, hormone, and enzyme are all functions of...
Published	11/16/2023	sIgA lysozyme, bicarbonate, water, a-amylase, glycoproteins, calcium phosphate, and mucin are all components of what?
Published	11/16/2023	_________ are a complex carbohydrate derived from ceramide. They are found of the outer cell membrane and are sphingolipids with attached carbohydrate…
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Published	11/16/2023	When fed glucose is stored as what and where?
Published	11/16/2023	Between meals the _____ converts glycogen into glucose.
Published	11/16/2023	Low level of insulin signals ___________ to begin.
Published	11/16/2023	What is released in response to high blood glucose?
Published	11/16/2023	Glycolysis is achieved by breaking down glucose into 2 ________ molecules.
Published	11/16/2023	Thiamine deficiency causes __________.
Published	11/16/2023	Abnormalities in the peripheral nervous system , weakness, enlarged heart, alcoholics, elderly, glucose administration does nothing.
Published	11/16/2023	apathy, loss of memory, abnormal eye movement, treatable with thiamine supplementation
Published	11/16/2023	Point where carbohydrates, amino acids, & fatty acids catabolism converge. •Provides energy to produce ATP •Provides intermediates for biosyntheti…
Published	11/16/2023	The citric acid cycle occurs where?
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Published	11/16/2023	The Citric Acid Cycle is linked to amino acid metabolism via...
Published	11/16/2023	-Alternative metabolism of glucose -Operates in parallel with glycolysis but have a different biological role -To generate NADPH (irreversible) -To pr…
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Published	11/16/2023	Entner-Doudoroff Pathway
Published	11/16/2023	Gluconeogenesis is produced by...
Published	11/16/2023	In gluconeogenesis, lactate is oxidized to pyruvate by _____________.
Published	11/16/2023	In gluconeogenesis, alanine is converted to pyruvate by _____________.
Published	11/16/2023	Gluconeogenesis produces glucose from what?
Published	11/16/2023	_______________ converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis.
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Published	11/16/2023	The ________ is the source of rapid ATP production during muscle activity.
Published	11/16/2023	Prevents lactic acidosis by moving lactate out of muscle into liver
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Published	11/16/2023	The brain can't do what?
Published	11/16/2023	Cyanide binds irreversibly to ____________, which inhibits electron transfer to oxygen in the ETC.
Published	11/16/2023	CO binds to cytochrome a. It also binds to hemoglobin and displaces oxygen. This does what?
Published	11/16/2023	________ (Aspirin, 2,4-dinitrophenol) decrease the H+ gradient in the ETC.
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Published	11/16/2023	Humans cannot digest cellulose as we cannot break down what linkage?
Published	11/16/2023	-Deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase (type A) or glucose-6-phosphate translocase (type B) Symptoms - Hypoglycemia and a swollen belly Treatment - Diet…
Published	11/16/2023	-Aka GSD II -Defects in alpha-glucosidase, leading to glycogen buildup Symptoms - Muscles impaired, hepatomegaly, heart defects Treatment: Supportive …
Published	11/16/2023	-Aka GSD III, Forbes -Mutations in the AGL gene coding for glycogen debranching enzyme Symptoms - Enlarged liver, delayed growth, muscle weakness Trea…
Published	11/16/2023	-Aka GSD IV -Deficiency in glycogen branching enzyme Symptoms - Enlarged liver, cirrhosis, failure to thrive Treatment: No specific treatment availabl…
Published	11/16/2023	-Aka GSD V -Deficient muscle glycogen phosphorylase Symptoms - Muscle fatigue, exercise intolerance Treatment: No specific treatment available
Published	11/16/2023	-Aka GSD VI -Deficient hepatic glycogen phosphorylase -Hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, lactic acidosis  Symptoms are generally mild  Treatment: …
Published	11/16/2023	Inborn errors of carb metabolism and glycogen storage inherited as...
Published	11/16/2023	Inborn Errors of Carbohydrate Metabolism - Glycogen Storage Diseases(Notice the pattern in the disease names)
Published	11/16/2023	Mucopolysaccharide storage diseases include what two diseases?
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Published	11/16/2023	During aerobic metabolism, pyruvate is converted into _________ before entering Citric Acid Cycle
Published	11/16/2023	The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is mediated by __________ complex.
Published	11/16/2023	During Vit B1 deficiency, PDH complex cannot carry out its function, leading to this condition characterized by abnormalities in the peripheral nervou…
Published	11/16/2023	In a state of fasting when glucose is needed by the brain, pyruvate will be converted to _______, the first product in the pathway of gluconeogenesis
Published	11/16/2023	Carbohydrate, amino acid, & fatty acid metabolisms all converge at this metabolic pathway.
Published	11/16/2023	As lactate accumulates in muscle tissue during intense exercise, it eventually diffuses into the bloodstream and is transported to the _____ to be con…
Published	11/16/2023	Conversion of lactate to pyruvate to glucose in the liver is accomplished via _____________ before glucose is released back into circulation.
Published	11/16/2023	The cyclic conversion of glucose to pyruvate to lactate and back to pyruvate and glucose is called the ______.
Published	11/16/2023	The Cori Cycle takes the product of anaerobic metabolism(______) from the muscles and turns it into pyruvate then back to glucose in the liver.
Published	11/16/2023	G6PD/NADPH in _________ pathway is the only source of reduced glutathione in RBCs.
Published	11/16/2023	Another important function of Pentose Phosphate Pathway is to provide intermediates for _____________.
Published	11/16/2023
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