Notes in 02_Type_2_Diabetes

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Published	02/10/2024	{{c2::Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)}} is {{c1::a disease where the insulin that the pancreas produces does not work properly or where…
Published	02/10/2024	Presentation of {{c2::Type 2 Diabetes}} {{c1::Fatigue}} {{c1::Polydipsia and polyuria (thirsty and urinating a lot)}} {{c1::Nocturia (u…
Published	02/10/2024	Non-Modifiable Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) {{c1::Older age}} {{c1::Ethnicity (Black, Chinese, South Asian)}} {{c1::Family history}…
Published	02/10/2024	Modifiable Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) {{c1::Obesity}} {{c1::Exercise}} {{c1::Diet: processed and refined carbohydrate, saturated …
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Pre-diabetes}} is {{c2::an indication that a patient’s trajectory is heading towards diabetes based on several criteria (i.e. HbA1c and glucose …
Published	02/10/2024	Screening for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is by {{c1::HbA1C}}
Published	02/10/2024	What is Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)?{{c1::Performed in the morning prior to having breakfast.Take a baseline fasting plasma glucoseGive a&…
Published	02/10/2024	Diagnosis of {{c2::Pre-diabetes}}  {{c1::HbA1c (between 42 ‒ 47 mmol/mol)}} {{c1::Impaired fasting glucose (between 6.1 …
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Impaired fasting glucose}} means that {{c2::the body struggles to get blood glucose levels into normal range, even after a prolonged period…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Impaired glucose tolerance}} means that {{c2::the body struggles to cope with processing a carbohydrate meal}}
Published	02/10/2024	Diagnosis of {{c2::Type 2 Diabetes}} {{c1::HbA1c > 48 mmol/mol}} {{c1::Random Glucose > 11 mmol/l}}  {{c1::Fasting Gluc…
Published	02/10/2024	Contraindications of Usage of HbA1c for Diagnosis of T2DM {{c1::All children and young people}}  {{c1::Pregnancy (current or recent <2 mo…
Published	02/10/2024	Monitor for Complications of Type 2 Diabetes  {{c1::Macrovascular: ulcers, diabetic foot disease, hypertension, and stroke}} {{c1::Microvascular:…
Published	02/10/2024	HbA1c Treatment Targets in Type 2 Diabetes  {{c1::48}} mmol/mol for new type 2 diabetics {{c1::53}} mmol/mol for diabetics that have moved beyond…
Published	02/10/2024	Pharmacological agents used to treat Type 2 Diabetes[1] {{c1::Biguanide e.g. metformin}}[2] {{c1::Thiazolidinedione e.g. pioglitazone}}[3]&n…
Published	02/10/2024	Pharmacology of Type 2 DiabetesAction: Medications that increase {{c2::insulin release}} include:[1] {{c1::Sulfonylurea e.g. gliclazide}}[2] {{c1…
Published	02/10/2024	Pharmacology of Type 2 DiabetesAction: Medications that increase {{c2::glucose excretion}} include:[1] {{c1::SGLT2 inhibitors e.g.&nbsp…
Published	02/10/2024	Pharmacology of Type 2 DiabetesAction: Medications and Behaviours that improve {{c2::insulin action}} include:[1] {{c1::Biguanides e.g.…
Published	02/10/2024	Class ‒ {{c1::Biguanides}}Example ‒ {{c2::Metformin}}Mechanism of Action ‒ {{c3::increases insulin sensitivity and decreases liver production of gluco…
Published	02/10/2024	Class ‒  {{c1::Thiazolidinediones}}Example ‒ {{c2::Pioglitazone}}Mechanism of Action ‒ {{c3::increases insulin sensitivity an…
Published	02/10/2024	Class ‒ {{c1::Sulfonylurea}}Example ‒ {{c2::gliclazide}}Mechanism of Action ‒ {{c3::stimulate insulin release from the pancreas.}}
Published	02/10/2024	Class ‒ {{c1::GLP-1 mimetics}}Example ‒ {{c2::Exenatide, Liraglutide}}Mechanism of Action ‒ {{c3::Increase insulin secretion, inhibit glucagon product…
Published	02/10/2024	Class ‒ {{c1::DPP-4 inhibitors}}Example ‒ {{c2::Sitagliptin, Saxagliptin}}Mechanism of Action ‒ {{c3::inhibits the DPP-4 enzyme and therefor…
Published	02/10/2024	Class ‒ {{c1::SGLT-2 inhibitors}}Example ‒ {{c2::Empagliflozin, Canagliflozin and Dapagliflozin}}Mechanism of Action ‒ {{c3::block the …
Published	02/10/2024	First line Medical Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes is {{c1::Metformin}}
Published	02/10/2024	Second line Medical Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes is {{c1::Sulfonylurea, Pioglitazone, DPP-4 inhibitor or SGLT-2 inhibitor}}
Published	02/10/2024	Third line Medical Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes is {{c1::Triple therapy with metformin + two of the second line drugs combined}} or {{c1::Metform…
Published	02/10/2024	SIGN Guidelines 2017 suggest the use of {{c1::SGLT-2 inhibitors}} and {{c1::GLP-1 mimetics (e.g. liraglutide)}}  preferentially in…
Published	02/10/2024	5-Step Framework for choosing a glucose lowering drug {{c1::Set a target HbA1c (48 or 53)}}{{c1::‘’Take 5’’ Are there any other risk factors that shou…
Published	02/10/2024	Important Sick Day Rule in Type 2 Diabetes, stop taking {{c1::Metformin (for 24-48hrs)}} if at risk of dehydration (i.e. vomiting or diarrhoea) a…
Published	02/10/2024	First line Non-Medical Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes is {{c1::Lifestyle changes (diet, exercise)}}
Published	02/10/2024	Diabetic Drugs that have a Risk of Hypoglycaemia include:[1] {{c1::Insulin}}[2] {{c1::Sulfonylureas e.g. Gliclazide}}[3] {{c1::Incretin Mime…
Published	02/10/2024	A Type 2 Diabetes Medication that is given to patients with Diabetic Nephropathy is {{c1::SGLT-2 inhibitors e.g. canagliflozin}}
Published	02/10/2024	Type 2 Diabetes Medications that are given to patients with Cardiovascular Conditions {{c1::SGLT-2 inhibitor (e.g. Empagliflozin)}} and {{c1::Met…
Published	02/10/2024	A Type 2 Diabetes Medication that has a risk of lactic acidosis is {{c1::Metformin}}
Published	02/10/2024	A Type 2 Diabetes Medication that has a risk of Diabetic Ketoacidosis{{c1::SGLT-2 inhibitor: Canagliflozin}}
Published	02/10/2024	A Type 2 Diabetes Medication that has a risk of Thrush and Increased UTIs{{c1::SGLT-2 inhibitor: Empagliflozin}}
Published	02/10/2024	A Type 2 Diabetes Medication that has a risk of Bladder Cancer{{c1::Thiazolidinedione e.g. Pioglitazone}}
Published	02/10/2024	Diabetic Drugs to be Monitored during Long-Distance Journeys {{c1::SGLT-2 inhibitors (e.g. Canagliflozin)}} {{c1::Sulfonylurea (e.g. Glimepiride)}} {{…
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