Notes in L4 - Glycolysis

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Published	11/02/2024	Hexokinase follows {{c1::michaelis-menton}} kinetics whereas glucokinase follows {{c1::allosteric}} kinetics
Published	11/02/2024	Elevations in glucose induce the activities of {{c1::glucokinase::glucokinase/hexokinase/both}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Which has the higher Km? {{c1::glucokinase::glucokinase/hexokinase}}Which has the higher Vmax? {{c1::glucokinase::glucokinase/hexokinase}}
Published	11/02/2024	Phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK-1) is allosterically activated by {{c1::fructose-2,6-bisphosphate}} and {{c1::AMP}}. It is allosterically inhibited by {{c1…
Published	11/02/2024	Pyruvate kinase is allosterically stimulated by {{c1::fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (in a feedforward mechanism)}} and inhibited by {{c1::alanine, acetyl-…
Published	11/02/2024	In {{c2::muscle}}, epinepherine {{c1::stimulates}} glycolysis, whereas it {{c1::inhibits}} it in the {{c2::liver}}.
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Nicotinic adenine dinucleotide (NAD)}} is the main coenzyme in glycolysis
Published	11/02/2024	OIL RIG
Published	11/02/2024	insulin is released from {{c1::pancreatic β cells}} in a {{c1::well-fed/high blood glucose}} stateglucagon is released from {{c1::pancreatic α ce…
Published	11/02/2024	glycolysis:end products of glycolysis: {{c1::2 pyruvate}}, {{c1::2 net ATP}}, {{c1::2 NADH}}location where it occurs in the body: {{c1::all tissues}}l…
Published	11/02/2024	3 regulatory (irrversible) steps of glycolysisStep {{c1::1::#}}: {{c1::hexokinase/glucokinase catalyzes Glucose → glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)}} - requir…
Published	11/02/2024	Hexokinase – is {{c1::in all tissues::location}}; Glucokinase – is {{c1::specific to liver and pancreatic β cells::location}}
Published	11/02/2024	hexokinase has {{c1::high affinity (low Km)::affinity}}, {{c1::low capacity (low Vmax::capacity)}} for glucose while glucokinase has {{c1::low affinit…
Published	11/02/2024	Glucokinase only functions {{c1::at high levels of glucose like after a large meal}} while hexokinase {{c1::is always working}}
Published	11/02/2024	Hexokinase is inhibited by {{c1::its product, G6P}}Glucokinase is indirectly inhibited by {{c1::fructose-6-phosphate (F6P)}}
Published	11/02/2024	In anaerobic respiration, Pyruvate is reduced to {{c1::lactate}} by {{c1::lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)}} in the cytosol.
Published	11/02/2024	LDH requires {{c1::NADH}} and cycles it back to {{c1::NAD+}}
Published	11/02/2024	Anaerobic metabolism is the main production of ATP in cells without mitochondria such as {{c1::red blood cells (RBCs)}} or {{c1::poorly vascularized t…
Published	11/02/2024	Energy yield in anaerobic respiration: {{c1::2 ATP/glucose molecule}}
Published	11/02/2024	Circulatory system problems can lead to inadequate amounts of oxygen to the tissues which increases their reliance on {{c1::anaerobic metabolism}} and…
Published	11/02/2024	The "Warburg effect" is when cancer cells undergo {{c1::high rates of glycolysis to produce ATP despite presence of O2}} which helps the cells {{c1::p…
Published	11/02/2024	Insulin and a well-fed state increase the amount of {{c1::glucokinase}}, {{c1::PFK-1}}, and {{c1::PK}} in the liver → increased glycolysisGlucagon and…
Published	11/02/2024	Protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylates {{c1::pyruvate kinase}} → inactivation of {{c1::hepatic PK}} → inhibits glycolysis
Published	11/02/2024	protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) dephosphorylates {{c1::PK}} → activates {{c1::PK}} → stimulates glycolysis
Published	11/02/2024	While rare, glycolytic deficiencies are most commonly a {{c1::PK}} deficiency that leads to {{c1::mild-to severe chronic, hemolytic anemia}}
Published	11/02/2024	in hemolytic anemia, the RBC lifespan {{c1::shortens}}
Published	11/02/2024	in hemolytic anemia, lack of ATP in RBCs leads to {{c1::inefficient delivery of oxygen to the tissues}} → resulting clinical symptoms: fatigue, shortn…
Published	11/02/2024	PK deficiency is an {{c1::autosomal recessive}} disorder specific to the {{c1::PKLR}} gene, which encodes the liver and red blood cell isoenzyme of PK
Published	11/02/2024	Common presentations of PK deficiency: {{c1::anemia}}, {{c1::neonatal jaundice,}} {{c1::iron overload}}, gallstones, splenomegaly
Published	11/02/2024	how is PK deficiency diagnosed?
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